The Very High Level Layer
*************************

The functions in this chapter will let you execute Python source code
given in a file or a buffer, but they will not let you interact in a
more detailed way with the interpreter.

Several of these functions accept a start symbol from the grammar as a
parameter.  The available start symbols are "Py_eval_input",
"Py_file_input", and "Py_single_input".  These are described following
the functions which accept them as parameters.

Note also that several of these functions take "FILE*" parameters.
One particular issue which needs to be handled carefully is that the
"FILE" structure for different C libraries can be different and
incompatible.  Under Windows (at least), it is possible for
dynamically linked extensions to actually use different libraries, so
care should be taken that "FILE*" parameters are only passed to these
functions if it is certain that they were created by the same library
that the Python runtime is using.

int Py_Main(int argc, wchar_t **argv)

   The main program for the standard interpreter.  This is made
   available for programs which embed Python.  The *argc* and *argv*
   parameters should be prepared exactly as those which are passed to
   a C program’s "main()" function (converted to wchar_t according to
   the user’s locale).  It is important to note that the argument list
   may be modified (but the contents of the strings pointed to by the
   argument list are not). The return value will be "0" if the
   interpreter exits normally (i.e., without an exception), "1" if the
   interpreter exits due to an exception, or "2" if the parameter list
   does not represent a valid Python command line.

   Note that if an otherwise unhandled "SystemExit" is raised, this
   function will not return "1", but exit the process, as long as
   "Py_InspectFlag" is not set.

int Py_BytesMain(int argc, char **argv)

   Similar to "Py_Main()" but *argv* is an array of bytes strings.

   New in version 3.8.

int PyRun_AnyFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename)

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()" below,
   leaving *closeit* set to "0" and *flags* set to "NULL".

int PyRun_AnyFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()" below,
   leaving the *closeit* argument set to "0".

int PyRun_AnyFileEx(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit)

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()" below,
   leaving the *flags* argument set to "NULL".

int PyRun_AnyFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

   If *fp* refers to a file associated with an interactive device
   (console or terminal input or Unix pseudo-terminal), return the
   value of "PyRun_InteractiveLoop()", otherwise return the result of
   "PyRun_SimpleFile()".  *filename* is decoded from the filesystem
   encoding ("sys.getfilesystemencoding()").  If *filename* is "NULL",
   this function uses ""???"" as the filename.

int PyRun_SimpleString(const char *command)

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()"
   below, leaving the "PyCompilerFlags"* argument set to "NULL".

int PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(const char *command, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

   Executes the Python source code from *command* in the "__main__"
   module according to the *flags* argument. If "__main__" does not
   already exist, it is created.  Returns "0" on success or "-1" if an
   exception was raised.  If there was an error, there is no way to
   get the exception information. For the meaning of *flags*, see
   below.

   Note that if an otherwise unhandled "SystemExit" is raised, this
   function will not return "-1", but exit the process, as long as
   "Py_InspectFlag" is not set.

int PyRun_SimpleFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename)

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()"
   below, leaving *closeit* set to "0" and *flags* set to "NULL".

int PyRun_SimpleFileEx(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit)

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()"
   below, leaving *flags* set to "NULL".

int PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

   Similar to "PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()", but the Python source code
   is read from *fp* instead of an in-memory string. *filename* should
   be the name of the file, it is decoded from the filesystem encoding
   ("sys.getfilesystemencoding()").  If *closeit* is true, the file is
   closed before PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags returns.

   Note: On Windows, *fp* should be opened as binary mode (e.g.
     "fopen(filename, "rb")". Otherwise, Python may not handle script
     file with LF line ending correctly.

int PyRun_InteractiveOne(FILE *fp, const char *filename)

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags()"
   below, leaving *flags* set to "NULL".

int PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

   Read and execute a single statement from a file associated with an
   interactive device according to the *flags* argument.  The user
   will be prompted using "sys.ps1" and "sys.ps2".  *filename* is
   decoded from the filesystem encoding
   ("sys.getfilesystemencoding()").

   Returns "0" when the input was executed successfully, "-1" if there
   was an exception, or an error code from the "errcode.h" include
   file distributed as part of Python if there was a parse error.
   (Note that "errcode.h" is not included by "Python.h", so must be
   included specifically if needed.)

int PyRun_InteractiveLoop(FILE *fp, const char *filename)

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags()"
   below, leaving *flags* set to "NULL".

int PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

   Read and execute statements from a file associated with an
   interactive device until EOF is reached.  The user will be prompted
   using "sys.ps1" and "sys.ps2".  *filename* is decoded from the
   filesystem encoding ("sys.getfilesystemencoding()").  Returns "0"
   at EOF or a negative number upon failure.

int (*PyOS_InputHook)(void)

   Can be set to point to a function with the prototype "int
   func(void)".  The function will be called when Python’s interpreter
   prompt is about to become idle and wait for user input from the
   terminal.  The return value is ignored.  Overriding this hook can
   be used to integrate the interpreter’s prompt with other event
   loops, as done in the "Modules/_tkinter.c" in the Python source
   code.

char* (*PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer)(FILE *, FILE *, const char *)

   Can be set to point to a function with the prototype "char
   *func(FILE *stdin, FILE *stdout, char *prompt)", overriding the
   default function used to read a single line of input at the
   interpreter’s prompt.  The function is expected to output the
   string *prompt* if it’s not "NULL", and then read a line of input
   from the provided standard input file, returning the resulting
   string.  For example, The "readline" module sets this hook to
   provide line-editing and tab-completion features.

   The result must be a string allocated by "PyMem_RawMalloc()" or
   "PyMem_RawRealloc()", or "NULL" if an error occurred.

   Changed in version 3.4: The result must be allocated by
   "PyMem_RawMalloc()" or "PyMem_RawRealloc()", instead of being
   allocated by "PyMem_Malloc()" or "PyMem_Realloc()".

struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseString(const char *str, int start)

   This is a simplified interface to
   "PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()" below, leaving
   *filename* set to "NULL" and *flags* set to "0".

struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags(const char *str, int start, int flags)

   This is a simplified interface to
   "PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()" below, leaving
   *filename* set to "NULL".

struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename(const char *str, const char *filename, int start, int flags)

   Parse Python source code from *str* using the start token *start*
   according to the *flags* argument.  The result can be used to
   create a code object which can be evaluated efficiently. This is
   useful if a code fragment must be evaluated many times. *filename*
   is decoded from the filesystem encoding
   ("sys.getfilesystemencoding()").

struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start)

   This is a simplified interface to "PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags()"
   below, leaving *flags* set to "0".

struct _node* PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, int flags)

   Similar to "PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()", but the
   Python source code is read from *fp* instead of an in-memory
   string.

PyObject* PyRun_String(const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_StringFlags()" below,
   leaving *flags* set to "NULL".

PyObject* PyRun_StringFlags(const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Execute Python source code from *str* in the context specified by
   the objects *globals* and *locals* with the compiler flags
   specified by *flags*.  *globals* must be a dictionary; *locals* can
   be any object that implements the mapping protocol.  The parameter
   *start* specifies the start token that should be used to parse the
   source code.

   Returns the result of executing the code as a Python object, or
   "NULL" if an exception was raised.

PyObject* PyRun_File(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_FileExFlags()" below,
   leaving *closeit* set to "0" and *flags* set to "NULL".

PyObject* PyRun_FileEx(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_FileExFlags()" below,
   leaving *flags* set to "NULL".

PyObject* PyRun_FileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   This is a simplified interface to "PyRun_FileExFlags()" below,
   leaving *closeit* set to "0".

PyObject* PyRun_FileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Similar to "PyRun_StringFlags()", but the Python source code is
   read from *fp* instead of an in-memory string. *filename* should be
   the name of the file, it is decoded from the filesystem encoding
   ("sys.getfilesystemencoding()"). If *closeit* is true, the file is
   closed before "PyRun_FileExFlags()" returns.

PyObject* Py_CompileString(const char *str, const char *filename, int start)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   This is a simplified interface to "Py_CompileStringFlags()" below,
   leaving *flags* set to "NULL".

PyObject* Py_CompileStringFlags(const char *str, const char *filename, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   This is a simplified interface to "Py_CompileStringExFlags()"
   below, with *optimize* set to "-1".

PyObject* Py_CompileStringObject(const char *str, PyObject *filename, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags, int optimize)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Parse and compile the Python source code in *str*, returning the
   resulting code object.  The start token is given by *start*; this
   can be used to constrain the code which can be compiled and should
   be "Py_eval_input", "Py_file_input", or "Py_single_input".  The
   filename specified by *filename* is used to construct the code
   object and may appear in tracebacks or "SyntaxError" exception
   messages.  This returns "NULL" if the code cannot be parsed or
   compiled.

   The integer *optimize* specifies the optimization level of the
   compiler; a value of "-1" selects the optimization level of the
   interpreter as given by "-O" options.  Explicit levels are "0" (no
   optimization; "__debug__" is true), "1" (asserts are removed,
   "__debug__" is false) or "2" (docstrings are removed too).

   New in version 3.4.

PyObject* Py_CompileStringExFlags(const char *str, const char *filename, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags, int optimize)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Like "Py_CompileStringObject()", but *filename* is a byte string
   decoded from the filesystem encoding ("os.fsdecode()").

   New in version 3.2.

PyObject* PyEval_EvalCode(PyObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   This is a simplified interface to "PyEval_EvalCodeEx()", with just
   the code object, and global and local variables.  The other
   arguments are set to "NULL".

PyObject* PyEval_EvalCodeEx(PyObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *const *args, int argcount, PyObject *const *kws, int kwcount, PyObject *const *defs, int defcount, PyObject *kwdefs, PyObject *closure)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Evaluate a precompiled code object, given a particular environment
   for its evaluation.  This environment consists of a dictionary of
   global variables, a mapping object of local variables, arrays of
   arguments, keywords and defaults, a dictionary of default values
   for keyword-only arguments and a closure tuple of cells.

PyFrameObject

   The C structure of the objects used to describe frame objects. The
   fields of this type are subject to change at any time.

PyObject* PyEval_EvalFrame(PyFrameObject *f)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Evaluate an execution frame.  This is a simplified interface to
   "PyEval_EvalFrameEx()", for backward compatibility.

PyObject* PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int throwflag)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   This is the main, unvarnished function of Python interpretation.
   The code object associated with the execution frame *f* is
   executed, interpreting bytecode and executing calls as needed.  The
   additional *throwflag* parameter can mostly be ignored - if true,
   then it causes an exception to immediately be thrown; this is used
   for the "throw()" methods of generator objects.

   Changed in version 3.4: This function now includes a debug
   assertion to help ensure that it does not silently discard an
   active exception.

int PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags(PyCompilerFlags *cf)

   This function changes the flags of the current evaluation frame,
   and returns true on success, false on failure.

int Py_eval_input

   The start symbol from the Python grammar for isolated expressions;
   for use with "Py_CompileString()".

int Py_file_input

   The start symbol from the Python grammar for sequences of
   statements as read from a file or other source; for use with
   "Py_CompileString()".  This is the symbol to use when compiling
   arbitrarily long Python source code.

int Py_single_input

   The start symbol from the Python grammar for a single statement;
   for use with "Py_CompileString()". This is the symbol used for the
   interactive interpreter loop.

struct PyCompilerFlags

   This is the structure used to hold compiler flags.  In cases where
   code is only being compiled, it is passed as "int flags", and in
   cases where code is being executed, it is passed as
   "PyCompilerFlags *flags".  In this case, "from __future__ import"
   can modify *flags*.

   Whenever "PyCompilerFlags *flags" is "NULL", "cf_flags" is treated
   as equal to "0", and any modification due to "from __future__
   import" is discarded.

   int cf_flags

      Compiler flags.

   int cf_feature_version

      *cf_feature_version* is the minor Python version. It should be
      initialized to "PY_MINOR_VERSION".

      The field is ignored by default, it is used if and only if
      "PyCF_ONLY_AST" flag is set in *cf_flags*.

   Changed in version 3.8: Added *cf_feature_version* field.

int CO_FUTURE_DIVISION

   This bit can be set in *flags* to cause division operator "/" to be
   interpreted as “true division” according to **PEP 238**.
