# 15.2. `hmac` — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication

Source code: Lib/hmac.py

This module implements the HMAC algorithm as described by RFC 2104.

`hmac.``new`(key, msg=None, digestmod=None)

  Return a new hmac object. key is a bytes or bytearray object giving the secret key. If msg is present, the method call `update(msg)` is made. digestmod is the digest name, digest constructor or module for the HMAC object to use. It supports any name suitable to `hashlib.new()` and defaults to the `hashlib.md5` constructor.

  Changed in version 3.4: Parameter key can be a bytes or bytearray object. Parameter msg can be of any type supported by `hashlib`. Parameter digestmod can be the name of a hash algorithm.

  Deprecated since version 3.4: MD5 as implicit default digest for digestmod is deprecated.

An HMAC object has the following methods:

`HMAC.``update`(msg)

  Update the hmac object with msg. Repeated calls are equivalent to a single call with the concatenation of all the arguments: `m.update(a); m.update(b)` is equivalent to `m.update(a + b)`.

  Changed in version 3.4: Parameter msg can be of any type supported by `hashlib`.

`HMAC.``digest`()

  Return the digest of the bytes passed to the `update()` method so far. This bytes object will be the same length as the digest_size of the digest given to the constructor. It may contain non-ASCII bytes, including NUL bytes.

  Warning

  When comparing the output of `digest()` to an externally-supplied digest during a verification routine, it is recommended to use the `compare_digest()` function instead of the `==` operator to reduce the vulnerability to timing attacks.

`HMAC.``hexdigest`()

  Like `digest()` except the digest is returned as a string twice the length containing only hexadecimal digits. This may be used to exchange the value safely in email or other non-binary environments.

  Warning

  When comparing the output of `hexdigest()` to an externally-supplied digest during a verification routine, it is recommended to use the `compare_digest()` function instead of the `==` operator to reduce the vulnerability to timing attacks.

`HMAC.``copy`()

  Return a copy (“clone”) of the hmac object. This can be used to efficiently compute the digests of strings that share a common initial substring.

A hash object has the following attributes:

`HMAC.``digest_size`

  The size of the resulting HMAC digest in bytes.

`HMAC.``block_size`

  The internal block size of the hash algorithm in bytes.

  New in version 3.4.

`HMAC.``name`

  The canonical name of this HMAC, always lowercase, e.g. `hmac-md5`.

  New in version 3.4.

This module also provides the following helper function:

`hmac.``compare_digest`(a, b)

  Return `a == b`. This function uses an approach designed to prevent timing analysis by avoiding content-based short circuiting behaviour, making it appropriate for cryptography. a and b must both be of the same type: either `str` (ASCII only, as e.g. returned by `HMAC.hexdigest()`), or a bytes-like object.

  Note

  If a and b are of different lengths, or if an error occurs, a timing attack could theoretically reveal information about the types and lengths of a and b—but not their values.

  New in version 3.3.

See also

Module `hashlib`

  The Python module providing secure hash functions.