
Integer Objects
***************

All integers are implemented as "long" integer objects of arbitrary
size.

PyLongObject

   This subtype of ``PyObject`` represents a Python integer object.

PyTypeObject PyLong_Type

   This instance of ``PyTypeObject`` represents the Python integer
   type. This is the same object as ``int`` in the Python layer.

int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)

   Return true if its argument is a ``PyLongObject`` or a subtype of
   ``PyLongObject``.

int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

   Return true if its argument is a ``PyLongObject``, but not a
   subtype of ``PyLongObject``.

PyObject* PyLong_FromLong(long v)
    Return value: New reference.

   Return a new ``PyLongObject`` object from *v*, or *NULL* on
   failure.

   The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for
   all integers between ``-5`` and ``256``, when you create an int in
   that range you actually just get back a reference to the existing
   object. So it should be possible to change the value of ``1``.  I
   suspect the behaviour of Python in this case is undefined. :-)

PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)
    Return value: New reference.

   Return a new ``PyLongObject`` object from a C ``unsigned long``, or
   *NULL* on failure.

PyObject* PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)

   Return a new ``PyLongObject`` object from a C ``Py_ssize_t``, or
   *NULL* on failure.

PyObject* PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)

   Return a new ``PyLongObject`` object from a C ``size_t``, or *NULL*
   on failure.

PyObject* PyLong_FromLongLong(PY_LONG_LONG v)
    Return value: New reference.

   Return a new ``PyLongObject`` object from a C ``long long``, or
   *NULL* on failure.

PyObject* PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG v)
    Return value: New reference.

   Return a new ``PyLongObject`` object from a C ``unsigned long
   long``, or *NULL* on failure.

PyObject* PyLong_FromDouble(double v)
    Return value: New reference.

   Return a new ``PyLongObject`` object from the integer part of *v*,
   or *NULL* on failure.

PyObject* PyLong_FromString(char *str, char **pend, int base)
    Return value: New reference.

   Return a new ``PyLongObject`` based on the string value in *str*,
   which is interpreted according to the radix in *base*.  If *pend*
   is non-*NULL*, **pend* will point to the first character in *str*
   which follows the representation of the number.  If *base* is
   ``0``, the radix will be determined based on the leading characters
   of *str*: if *str* starts with ``'0x'`` or ``'0X'``, radix 16 will
   be used; if *str* starts with ``'0o'`` or ``'0O'``, radix 8 will be
   used; if *str* starts with ``'0b'`` or ``'0B'``, radix 2 will be
   used; otherwise radix 10 will be used.  If *base* is not ``0``, it
   must be between ``2`` and ``36``, inclusive.  Leading spaces are
   ignored.  If there are no digits, ``ValueError`` will be raised.

PyObject* PyLong_FromUnicode(Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t length, int base)
    Return value: New reference.

   Convert a sequence of Unicode digits to a Python integer value.
   The Unicode string is first encoded to a byte string using
   ``PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal()`` and then converted using
   ``PyLong_FromString()``.

   Deprecated since version 3.3, will be removed in version 4.0: Part
   of the old-style ``Py_UNICODE`` API; please migrate to using
   ``PyLong_FromUnicodeObject()``.

PyObject* PyLong_FromUnicodeObject(PyObject *u, int base)

   Convert a sequence of Unicode digits in the string *u* to a Python
   integer value.  The Unicode string is first encoded to a byte
   string using ``PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal()`` and then converted using
   ``PyLong_FromString()``.

   New in version 3.3.

PyObject* PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)
    Return value: New reference.

   Create a Python integer from the pointer *p*. The pointer value can
   be retrieved from the resulting value using ``PyLong_AsVoidPtr()``.

long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *obj)

   Return a C ``long`` representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of ``PyLongObject``, first call its ``__int__()`` method
   (if present) to convert it to a ``PyLongObject``.

   Raise ``OverflowError`` if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   ``long``.

long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)

   Return a C ``long`` representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of ``PyLongObject``, first call its ``__int__()`` method
   (if present) to convert it to a ``PyLongObject``.

   If the value of *obj* is greater than ``LONG_MAX`` or less than
   ``LONG_MIN``, set **overflow* to ``1`` or ``-1``, respectively, and
   return ``-1``; otherwise, set **overflow* to ``0``.  If any other
   exception occurs set **overflow* to ``0`` and return ``-1`` as
   usual.

PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *obj)

   Return a C ``long long`` representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not
   an instance of ``PyLongObject``, first call its ``__int__()``
   method (if present) to convert it to a ``PyLongObject``.

   Raise ``OverflowError`` if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   ``long``.

PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)

   Return a C ``long long`` representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not
   an instance of ``PyLongObject``, first call its ``__int__()``
   method (if present) to convert it to a ``PyLongObject``.

   If the value of *obj* is greater than ``PY_LLONG_MAX`` or less than
   ``PY_LLONG_MIN``, set **overflow* to ``1`` or ``-1``, respectively,
   and return ``-1``; otherwise, set **overflow* to ``0``.  If any
   other exception occurs set **overflow* to ``0`` and return ``-1``
   as usual.

   New in version 3.2.

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C ``Py_ssize_t`` representation of *pylong*.  *pylong*
   must be an instance of ``PyLongObject``.

   Raise ``OverflowError`` if the value of *pylong* is out of range
   for a ``Py_ssize_t``.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C ``unsigned long`` representation of *pylong*.  *pylong*
   must be an instance of ``PyLongObject``.

   Raise ``OverflowError`` if the value of *pylong* is out of range
   for a ``unsigned long``.

size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C ``size_t`` representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must be
   an instance of ``PyLongObject``.

   Raise ``OverflowError`` if the value of *pylong* is out of range
   for a ``size_t``.

unsigned PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C ``unsigned PY_LONG_LONG`` representation of *pylong*.
   *pylong* must be an instance of ``PyLongObject``.

   Raise ``OverflowError`` if the value of *pylong* is out of range
   for an ``unsigned PY_LONG_LONG``.

   Changed in version 3.1: A negative *pylong* now raises
   ``OverflowError``, not ``TypeError``.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *obj)

   Return a C ``unsigned long`` representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is
   not an instance of ``PyLongObject``, first call its ``__int__()``
   method (if present) to convert it to a ``PyLongObject``.

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an ``unsigned long``,
   return the reduction of that value modulo ``ULONG_MAX + 1``.

unsigned PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)

   Return a C ``unsigned long long`` representation of *obj*.  If
   *obj* is not an instance of ``PyLongObject``, first call its
   ``__int__()`` method (if present) to convert it to a
   ``PyLongObject``.

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an ``unsigned long
   long``, return the reduction of that value modulo ``PY_ULLONG_MAX +
   1``.

double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)

   Return a C ``double`` representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must be
   an instance of ``PyLongObject``.

   Raise ``OverflowError`` if the value of *pylong* is out of range
   for a ``double``.

void* PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)

   Convert a Python integer *pylong* to a C ``void`` pointer. If
   *pylong* cannot be converted, an ``OverflowError`` will be raised.
   This is only assured to produce a usable ``void`` pointer for
   values created with ``PyLong_FromVoidPtr()``.
