
Using Python on Windows
***********************

This document aims to give an overview of Windows-specific behaviour
you should know about when using Python on Microsoft Windows.


Installing Python
=================

Unlike most Unix systems and services, Windows does not require Python
natively and thus does not pre-install a version of Python.  However,
the CPython team has compiled Windows installers (MSI packages) with
every release for many years.

With ongoing development of Python, some platforms that used to be
supported earlier are no longer supported (due to the lack of users or
developers). Check **PEP 11** for details on all unsupported
platforms.

* Up to 2.5, Python was still compatible with Windows 95, 98 and ME
  (but already raised a deprecation warning on installation).  For
  Python 2.6 (and all following releases), this support was dropped
  and new releases are just expected to work on the Windows NT family.

* Windows CE is still supported.

* The Cygwin installer offers to install the Python interpreter as
  well; it is located under "Interpreters." (cf. Cygwin package
  source, Maintainer releases)

See Python for Windows (and DOS) for detailed information about
platforms with precompiled installers.

See also:

   Python on XP
      "7 Minutes to "Hello World!"" by Richard Dooling, 2006

   Installing on Windows
      in "Dive into Python: Python from novice to pro" by Mark
      Pilgrim, 2004, ISBN 1-59059-356-1

   For Windows users
      in "Installing Python" in "A Byte of Python" by Swaroop C H,
      2003


Alternative bundles
===================

Besides the standard CPython distribution, there are modified packages
including additional functionality.  The following is a list of
popular versions and their key features:

ActivePython
   Installer with multi-platform compatibility, documentation, PyWin32

Enthought Python Distribution
   Popular modules (such as PyWin32) with their respective
   documentation, tool suite for building extensible Python
   applications

Notice that these packages are likely to install *older* versions of
Python.


Configuring Python
==================

In order to run Python flawlessly, you might have to change certain
environment settings in Windows.


Excursus: Setting environment variables
---------------------------------------

Windows has a built-in dialog for changing environment variables
(following guide applies to XP classical view): Right-click the icon
for your machine (usually located on your Desktop and called "My
Computer") and choose *Properties* there.  Then, open the *Advanced*
tab and click the *Environment Variables* button.

In short, your path is:

   *My Computer ‣ Properties ‣ Advanced ‣ Environment Variables*

In this dialog, you can add or modify User and System variables. To
change System variables, you need non-restricted access to your
machine (i.e. Administrator rights).

Another way of adding variables to your environment is using the
**set** command:

   set PYTHONPATH=%PYTHONPATH%;C:\My_python_lib

To make this setting permanent, you could add the corresponding
command line to your ``autoexec.bat``. **msconfig** is a graphical
interface to this file.

Viewing environment variables can also be done more straight-forward:
The command prompt will expand strings wrapped into percent signs
automatically:

   echo %PATH%

Consult **set /?** for details on this behaviour.

See also:

   http://support.microsoft.com/kb/100843
      Environment variables in Windows NT

   http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310519
      How To Manage Environment Variables in Windows XP

   http://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html
      Setting Environment variables, Louis J. Farrugia


Finding the Python executable
-----------------------------

Changed in version 3.3.

Besides using the automatically created start menu entry for the
Python interpreter, you might want to start Python in the command
prompt. As of Python 3.3, the installer has an option to set that up
for you.

At the "Customize Python 3.3" screen, an option called "Add python.exe
to search path" can be enabled to have the installer place your
installation into the ``%PATH%``. This allows you to type **python**
to run the interpreter. Thus, you can also execute your scripts with
command line options, see *Command line* documentation.

If you don't enable this option at install time, you can always re-run
the installer to choose it.

The alternative is manually modifying the ``%PATH%`` using the
directions in *Excursus: Setting environment variables*. You need to
set your ``%PATH%`` environment variable to include the directory of
your Python distribution, delimited by a semicolon from other entries.
An example variable could look like this (assuming the first two
entries are Windows' default):

   C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\Python33


Finding modules
---------------

Python usually stores its library (and thereby your site-packages
folder) in the installation directory.  So, if you had installed
Python to ``C:\Python\``, the default library would reside in
``C:\Python\Lib\`` and third-party modules should be stored in
``C:\Python\Lib\site-packages\``.

This is how ``sys.path`` is populated on Windows:

* An empty entry is added at the start, which corresponds to the
  current directory.

* If the environment variable ``PYTHONPATH`` exists, as described in
  *Environment variables*, its entries are added next.  Note that on
  Windows, paths in this variable must be separated by semicolons, to
  distinguish them from the colon used in drive identifiers (``C:\``
  etc.).

* Additional "application paths" can be added in the registry as
  subkeys of ``\SOFTWARE\Python\PythonCore\*version*\PythonPath``
  under both the ``HKEY_CURRENT_USER`` and ``HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE``
  hives.  Subkeys which have semicolon-delimited path strings as their
  default value will cause each path to be added to ``sys.path``.
  (Note that all known installers only use HKLM, so HKCU is typically
  empty.)

* If the environment variable ``PYTHONHOME`` is set, it is assumed as
  "Python Home".  Otherwise, the path of the main Python executable is
  used to locate a "landmark file" (``Lib\os.py``) to deduce the
  "Python Home".  If a Python home is found, the relevant sub-
  directories added to ``sys.path`` (``Lib``, ``plat-win``, etc) are
  based on that folder.  Otherwise, the core Python path is
  constructed from the PythonPath stored in the registry.

* If the Python Home cannot be located, no ``PYTHONPATH`` is specified
  in the environment, and no registry entries can be found, a default
  path with relative entries is used (e.g. ``.\Lib;.\plat-win``, etc).

The end result of all this is:

* When running ``python.exe``, or any other .exe in the main Python
  directory (either an installed version, or directly from the PCbuild
  directory), the core path is deduced, and the core paths in the
  registry are ignored.  Other "application paths" in the registry are
  always read.

* When Python is hosted in another .exe (different directory, embedded
  via COM, etc), the "Python Home" will not be deduced, so the core
  path from the registry is used.  Other "application paths" in the
  registry are always read.

* If Python can't find its home and there is no registry (eg, frozen
  .exe, some very strange installation setup) you get a path with some
  default, but relative, paths.


Executing scripts
-----------------

As of Python 3.3, Python includes a launcher which facilitates running
Python scripts. See *Python Launcher for Windows* for more
information.


Executing scripts without the Python launcher
---------------------------------------------

Without the Python launcher installed, Python scripts (files with the
extension ``.py``) will be executed by **python.exe** by default.
This executable opens a terminal, which stays open even if the program
uses a GUI.  If you do not want this to happen, use the extension
``.pyw`` which will cause the script to be executed by **pythonw.exe**
by default (both executables are located in the top-level of your
Python installation directory).  This suppresses the terminal window
on startup.

You can also make all ``.py`` scripts execute with **pythonw.exe**,
setting this through the usual facilities, for example (might require
administrative rights):

1. Launch a command prompt.

2. Associate the correct file group with ``.py`` scripts:

      assoc .py=Python.File

3. Redirect all Python files to the new executable:

      ftype Python.File=C:\Path\to\pythonw.exe "%1" %*


Python Launcher for Windows
===========================

New in version 3.3.

The Python launcher for Windows is a utility which aids in the
location and execution of different Python versions.  It allows
scripts (or the command-line) to indicate a preference for a specific
Python version, and will locate and execute that version.


Getting started
---------------


From the command-line
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You should ensure the launcher is on your PATH - depending on how it
was installed it may already be there, but check just in case it is
not.

From a command-prompt, execute the following command:

   py

You should find that the latest version of Python 2.x you have
installed is started - it can be exited as normal, and any additional
command-line arguments specified will be sent directly to Python.

If you have multiple versions of Python 2.x installed (e.g., 2.6 and
2.7) you will have noticed that Python 2.7 was started - to launch
Python 2.6, try the command:

   py -2.6

If you have a Python 3.x installed, try the command:

   py -3

You should find the latest version of Python 3.x starts.


From a script
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Let's create a test Python script - create a file called ``hello.py``
with the following contents

   #! python
   import sys
   sys.stdout.write("hello from Python %s\n" % (sys.version,))

From the directory in which hello.py lives, execute the command:

   py hello.py

You should notice the version number of your latest Python 2.x
installation is printed.  Now try changing the first line to be:

   #! python3

Re-executing the command should now print the latest Python 3.x
information. As with the above command-line examples, you can specify
a more explicit version qualifier.  Assuming you have Python 2.6
installed, try changing the first line to ``#! python2.6`` and you
should find the 2.6 version information printed.


From file associations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The launcher should have been associated with Python files (i.e.
``.py``, ``.pyw``, ``.pyc``, ``.pyo`` files) when it was installed.
This means that when you double-click on one of these files from
Windows explorer the launcher will be used, and therefore you can use
the same facilities described above to have the script specify the
version which should be used.

The key benefit of this is that a single launcher can support multiple
Python versions at the same time depending on the contents of the
first line.


Shebang Lines
-------------

If the first line of a script file starts with ``#!``, it is known as
a "shebang" line.  Linux and other Unix like operating systems have
native support for such lines and are commonly used on such systems to
indicate how a script should be executed.  This launcher allows the
same facilities to be using with Python scripts on Windows and the
examples above demonstrate their use.

To allow shebang lines in Python scripts to be portable between Unix
and Windows, this launcher supports a number of 'virtual' commands to
specify which interpreter to use.  The supported virtual commands are:

* ``/usr/bin/env python``

* ``/usr/bin/python``

* ``/usr/local/bin/python``

* ``python``

For example, if the first line of your script starts with

   #! /usr/bin/python

The default Python will be located and used.  As many Python scripts
written to work on Unix will already have this line, you should find
these scripts can be used by the launcher without modification.  If
you are writing a new script on Windows which you hope will be useful
on Unix, you should use one of the shebang lines starting with
``/usr``.


Arguments in shebang lines
--------------------------

The shebang lines can also specify additional options to be passed to
the Python interpreter.  For example, if you have a shebang line:

   #! /usr/bin/python -v

Then Python will be started with the ``-v`` option


Customization
-------------


Customization via INI files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   Two .ini files will be searched by the launcher - ``py.ini`` in the
   current user's "application data" directory (i.e. the directory
   returned by calling the Windows function SHGetFolderPath with
   CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA) and ``py.ini`` in the same directory as the
   launcher.  The same .ini files are used for both the 'console'
   version of the launcher (i.e. py.exe) and for the 'windows' version
   (i.e. pyw.exe)

   Customization specified in the "application directory" will have
   precedence over the one next to the executable, so a user, who may
   not have write access to the .ini file next to the launcher, can
   override commands in that global .ini file)


Customizing default Python versions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In some cases, a version qualifier can be included in a command to
dictate which version of Python will be used by the command. A version
qualifier starts with a major version number and can optionally be
followed by a period ('.') and a minor version specifier. If the minor
qualifier is specified, it may optionally be followed by "-32" to
indicate the 32-bit implementation of that version be used.

For example, a shebang line of ``#!python`` has no version qualifier,
while ``#!python3`` has a version qualifier which specifies only a
major version.

If no version qualifiers are found in a command, the environment
variable ``PY_PYTHON`` can be set to specify the default version
qualifier - the default value is "2". Note this value could specify
just a major version (e.g. "2") or a major.minor qualifier (e.g.
"2.6"), or even major.minor-32.

If no minor version qualifiers are found, the environment variable
``PY_PYTHON{major}`` (where ``{major}`` is the current major version
qualifier as determined above) can be set to specify the full version.
If no such option is found, the launcher will enumerate the installed
Python versions and use the latest minor release found for the major
version, which is likely, although not guaranteed, to be the most
recently installed version in that family.

On 64-bit Windows with both 32-bit and 64-bit implementations of the
same (major.minor) Python version installed, the 64-bit version will
always be preferred. This will be true for both 32-bit and 64-bit
implementations of the launcher - a 32-bit launcher will prefer to
execute a 64-bit Python installation of the specified version if
available. This is so the behavior of the launcher can be predicted
knowing only what versions are installed on the PC and without regard
to the order in which they were installed (i.e., without knowing
whether a 32 or 64-bit version of Python and corresponding launcher
was installed last). As noted above, an optional "-32" suffix can be
used on a version specifier to change this behaviour.

Examples:

* If no relevant options are set, the commands ``python`` and
  ``python2`` will use the latest Python 2.x version installed and the
  command ``python3`` will use the latest Python 3.x installed.

* The commands ``python3.1`` and ``python2.7`` will not consult any
  options at all as the versions are fully specified.

* If ``PY_PYTHON=3``, the commands ``python`` and ``python3`` will
  both use the latest installed Python 3 version.

* If ``PY_PYTHON=3.1-32``, the command ``python`` will use the 32-bit
  implementation of 3.1 whereas the command ``python3`` will use the
  latest installed Python (PY_PYTHON was not considered at all as a
  major version was specified.)

* If ``PY_PYTHON=3`` and ``PY_PYTHON3=3.1``, the commands ``python``
  and ``python3`` will both use specifically 3.1

In addition to environment variables, the same settings can be
configured in the .INI file used by the launcher.  The section in the
INI file is called ``[defaults]`` and the key name will be the same as
the environment variables without the leading ``PY_`` prefix (and note
that the key names in the INI file are case insensitive.)  The
contents of an environment variable will override things specified in
the INI file.

For example:

* Setting ``PY_PYTHON=3.1`` is equivalent to the INI file containing:

   [defaults]
   python=3.1

* Setting ``PY_PYTHON=3`` and ``PY_PYTHON3=3.1`` is equivalent to the
  INI file containing:

   [defaults]
   python=3
   python3=3.1


Diagnostics
-----------

If an environment variable ``PYLAUNCH_DEBUG`` is set (to any value),
the launcher will print diagnostic information to stderr (i.e. to the
console). While this information manages to be simultaneously verbose
*and* terse, it should allow you to see what versions of Python were
located, why a particular version was chosen and the exact command-
line used to execute the target Python.


Additional modules
==================

Even though Python aims to be portable among all platforms, there are
features that are unique to Windows.  A couple of modules, both in the
standard library and external, and snippets exist to use these
features.

The Windows-specific standard modules are documented in *MS Windows
Specific Services*.


PyWin32
-------

The PyWin32 module by Mark Hammond is a collection of modules for
advanced Windows-specific support.  This includes utilities for:

* Component Object Model (COM)

* Win32 API calls

* Registry

* Event log

* Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) user interfaces

PythonWin is a sample MFC application shipped with PyWin32.  It is an
embeddable IDE with a built-in debugger.

See also:

   Win32 How Do I...?
      by Tim Golden

   Python and COM
      by David and Paul Boddie


Py2exe
------

Py2exe is a ``distutils`` extension (see *Extending Distutils*) which
wraps Python scripts into executable Windows programs (``***.exe``
files).  When you have done this, you can distribute your application
without requiring your users to install Python.


WConio
------

Since Python's advanced terminal handling layer, ``curses``, is
restricted to Unix-like systems, there is a library exclusive to
Windows as well: Windows Console I/O for Python.

WConio is a wrapper for Turbo-C's ``CONIO.H``, used to create text
user interfaces.


Compiling Python on Windows
===========================

If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is
get the source. You can download either the latest release's source or
just grab a fresh checkout.

For Microsoft Visual C++, which is the compiler with which official
Python releases are built, the source tree contains solutions/project
files.  View the ``readme.txt`` in their respective directories:

+----------------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Directory            | MSVC version   | Visual Studio version   |
+======================+================+=========================+
| ``PC/VC6/``          | 6.0            | 97                      |
+----------------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| ``PC/VS7.1/``        | 7.1            | 2003                    |
+----------------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| ``PC/VS8.0/``        | 8.0            | 2005                    |
+----------------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| ``PCbuild/``         | 9.0            | 2008                    |
+----------------------+----------------+-------------------------+

Note that not all of these build directories are fully supported.
Read the release notes to see which compiler version the official
releases for your version are built with.

Check ``PC/readme.txt`` for general information on the build process.

For extension modules, consult *Building C and C++ Extensions on
Windows*.

See also:

   Python + Windows + distutils + SWIG + gcc MinGW
      or "Creating Python extensions in C/C++ with SWIG and compiling
      them with MinGW gcc under Windows" or "Installing Python
      extension with distutils and without Microsoft Visual C++" by
      Sébastien Sauvage, 2003

   MingW -- Python extensions
      by Trent Apted et al, 2007


Other resources
===============

See also:

   Python Programming On Win32
      "Help for Windows Programmers" by Mark Hammond and Andy
      Robinson, O'Reilly Media, 2000, ISBN 1-56592-621-8

   A Python for Windows Tutorial
      by Amanda Birmingham, 2004

   **PEP 397** - Python launcher for Windows
      The proposal for the launcher to be included in the Python
      distribution.
