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# 27.1. `sys` — System-specific parameters and functions

This module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter. It is always available.

`sys.``abiflags`

  On POSIX systems where Python is build with the standard `configure` script, this contains the ABI flags as specified by PEP 3149.

  New in version 3.2.

`sys.``argv`

  The list of command line arguments passed to a Python script. `argv[0]` is the script name (it is operating system dependent whether this is a full pathname or not). If the command was executed using the -c command line option to the interpreter, `argv[0]` is set to the string `'-c'`. If no script name was passed to the Python interpreter, `argv[0]` is the empty string.

  To loop over the standard input, or the list of files given on the command line, see the `fileinput` module.

`sys.``byteorder`

  An indicator of the native byte order. This will have the value `'big'` on big-endian (most-significant byte first) platforms, and `'little'` on little-endian (least-significant byte first) platforms.

`sys.``builtin_module_names`

  A tuple of strings giving the names of all modules that are compiled into this Python interpreter. (This information is not available in any other way — `modules.keys()` only lists the imported modules.)

`sys.``call_tracing`(func, args)

  Call `func(*args)`, while tracing is enabled. The tracing state is saved, and restored afterwards. This is intended to be called from a debugger from a checkpoint, to recursively debug some other code.

`sys.``copyright`

  A string containing the copyright pertaining to the Python interpreter.

`sys.``_clear_type_cache`()

  Clear the internal type cache. The type cache is used to speed up attribute and method lookups. Use the function only to drop unnecessary references during reference leak debugging.

  This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.

`sys.``_current_frames`()

  Return a dictionary mapping each thread’s identifier to the topmost stack frame currently active in that thread at the time the function is called. Note that functions in the `traceback` module can build the call stack given such a frame.

  This is most useful for debugging deadlock: this function does not require the deadlocked threads’ cooperation, and such threads’ call stacks are frozen for as long as they remain deadlocked. The frame returned for a non-deadlocked thread may bear no relationship to that thread’s current activity by the time calling code examines the frame.

  This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.

`sys.``dllhandle`

  Integer specifying the handle of the Python DLL. Availability: Windows.

`sys.``displayhook`(value)

  If value is not `None`, this function prints `repr(value)` to `sys.stdout`, and saves value in `builtins._`. If `repr(value)` is not encodable to `sys.stdout.encoding` with `sys.stdout.errors` error handler (which is probably `'strict'`), encode it to `sys.stdout.encoding` with `'backslashreplace'` error handler.

  `sys.displayhook` is called on the result of evaluating an expression entered in an interactive Python session. The display of these values can be customized by assigning another one-argument function to `sys.displayhook`.

  Pseudo-code:

      def displayhook(value):
          if value is None:
              return
          # Set '_' to None to avoid recursion
          builtins._ = None
          text = repr(value)
          try:
              sys.stdout.write(text)
          except UnicodeEncodeError:
              bytes = text.encode(sys.stdout.encoding, 'backslashreplace')
              if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'buffer'):
                  sys.stdout.buffer.write(bytes)
              else:
                  text = bytes.decode(sys.stdout.encoding, 'strict')
                  sys.stdout.write(text)
          sys.stdout.write("\n")
          builtins._ = value

  Changed in version 3.2: Use `'backslashreplace'` error handler on `UnicodeEncodeError`.

`sys.``dont_write_bytecode`

  If this is true, Python won’t try to write `.pyc` or `.pyo` files on the import of source modules. This value is initially set to `True` or `False` depending on the -B command line option and the `PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE` environment variable, but you can set it yourself to control bytecode file generation.

`sys.``excepthook`(type, value, traceback)

  This function prints out a given traceback and exception to `sys.stderr`.

  When an exception is raised and uncaught, the interpreter calls `sys.excepthook` with three arguments, the exception class, exception instance, and a traceback object. In an interactive session this happens just before control is returned to the prompt; in a Python program this happens just before the program exits. The handling of such top-level exceptions can be customized by assigning another three-argument function to `sys.excepthook`.

`sys.``__displayhook__`
`sys.``__excepthook__`

  These objects contain the original values of `displayhook` and `excepthook` at the start of the program. They are saved so that `displayhook` and `excepthook` can be restored in case they happen to get replaced with broken objects.

`sys.``exc_info`()

  This function returns a tuple of three values that give information about the exception that is currently being handled. The information returned is specific both to the current thread and to the current stack frame. If the current stack frame is not handling an exception, the information is taken from the calling stack frame, or its caller, and so on until a stack frame is found that is handling an exception. Here, “handling an exception” is defined as “executing an except clause.” For any stack frame, only information about the exception being currently handled is accessible.

  If no exception is being handled anywhere on the stack, a tuple containing three `None` values is returned. Otherwise, the values returned are `(type, value, traceback)`. Their meaning is: type gets the type of the exception being handled (a subclass of `BaseException`); value gets the exception instance (an instance of the exception type); traceback gets a traceback object (see the Reference Manual) which encapsulates the call stack at the point where the exception originally occurred.

  Warning

  Assigning the traceback return value to a local variable in a function that is handling an exception will cause a circular reference. Since most functions don’t need access to the traceback, the best solution is to use something like `exctype, value = sys.exc_info()[:2]` to extract only the exception type and value. If you do need the traceback, make sure to delete it after use (best done with a `try` ... `finally` statement) or to call `exc_info()` in a function that does not itself handle an exception.

  Such cycles are normally automatically reclaimed when garbage collection is enabled and they become unreachable, but it remains more efficient to avoid creating cycles.

`sys.``exec_prefix`

  A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform-dependent Python files are installed; by default, this is also `'/usr/local'`. This can be set at build time with the `--exec-prefix` argument to the configure script. Specifically, all configuration files (e.g. the `pyconfig.h` header file) are installed in the directory `exec_prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/config`, and shared library modules are installed in `exec_prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/lib-dynload`, where X.Y is the version number of Python, for example `3.2`.

`sys.``executable`

  A string giving the absolute path of the executable binary for the Python interpreter, on systems where this makes sense. If Python is unable to retrieve the real path to its executable, `sys.executable` will be an empty string or `None`.

`sys.``exit`([arg])

  Exit from Python. This is implemented by raising the `SystemExit` exception, so cleanup actions specified by finally clauses of `try` statements are honored, and it is possible to intercept the exit attempt at an outer level.

  The optional argument arg can be an integer giving the exit status (defaulting to zero), or another type of object. If it is an integer, zero is considered “successful termination” and any nonzero value is considered “abnormal termination” by shells and the like. Most systems require it to be in the range 0-127, and produce undefined results otherwise. Some systems have a convention for assigning specific meanings to specific exit codes, but these are generally underdeveloped; Unix programs generally use 2 for command line syntax errors and 1 for all other kind of errors. If another type of object is passed, `None` is equivalent to passing zero, and any other object is printed to `stderr` and results in an exit code of 1. In particular, `sys.exit("some error message")` is a quick way to exit a program when an error occurs.

  Since `exit()` ultimately “only” raises an exception, it will only exit the process when called from the main thread, and the exception is not intercepted.

`sys.``flags`

  The struct sequence flags exposes the status of command line flags. The attributes are read only.

  attribute | flag
  --- | ---
  `debug` | -d
  `division_warning` | -Q
  `inspect` | -i
  `interactive` | -i
  `optimize` | -O or -OO
  `dont_write_bytecode` | -B
  `no_user_site` | -s
  `no_site` | -S
  `ignore_environment` | -E
  `verbose` | -v
  `bytes_warning` | -b
  `quiet` | -q
  `hash_randomization` | -R

  Changed in version 3.2: Added `quiet` attribute for the new -q flag.

  New in version 3.2.3: The `hash_randomization` attribute.

`sys.``float_info`

  A structseq holding information about the float type. It contains low level information about the precision and internal representation. The values correspond to the various floating-point constants defined in the standard header file `float.h` for the ‘C’ programming language; see section 5.2.4.2.2 of the 1999 ISO/IEC C standard [C99], ‘Characteristics of floating types’, for details.

  attribute | float.h macro | explanation
  --- | --- | ---
  `epsilon` | DBL_EPSILON | difference between 1 and the least value greater than 1 that is representable as a float
  `dig` | DBL_DIG | maximum number of decimal digits that can be faithfully represented in a float; see below
  `mant_dig` | DBL_MANT_DIG | float precision: the number of base-`radix` digits in the significand of a float
  `max` | DBL_MAX | maximum representable finite float
  `max_exp` | DBL_MAX_EXP | maximum integer e such that `radix**(e-1)` is a representable finite float
  `max_10_exp` | DBL_MAX_10_EXP | maximum integer e such that `10**e` is in the range of representable finite floats
  `min` | DBL_MIN | minimum positive normalized float
  `min_exp` | DBL_MIN_EXP | minimum integer e such that `radix**(e-1)` is a normalized float
  `min_10_exp` | DBL_MIN_10_EXP | minimum integer e such that `10**e` is a normalized float
  `radix` | FLT_RADIX | radix of exponent representation
  `rounds` | FLT_ROUNDS | integer constant representing the rounding mode used for arithmetic operations. This reflects the value of the system FLT_ROUNDS macro at interpreter startup time. See section 5.2.4.2.2 of the C99 standard for an explanation of the possible values and their meanings.

  The attribute `sys.float_info.dig` needs further explanation. If `s` is any string representing a decimal number with at most `sys.float_info.dig` significant digits, then converting `s` to a float and back again will recover a string representing the same decimal value:

      >>> import sys
      >>> sys.float_info.dig
      15
      >>> s = '3.14159265358979'    # decimal string with 15 significant digits
      >>> format(float(s), '.15g')  # convert to float and back -> same value
      '3.14159265358979'

  But for strings with more than `sys.float_info.dig` significant digits, this isn’t always true:

      >>> s = '9876543211234567'    # 16 significant digits is too many!
      >>> format(float(s), '.16g')  # conversion changes value
      '9876543211234568'

`sys.``float_repr_style`

  A string indicating how the `repr()` function behaves for floats. If the string has value `'short'` then for a finite float `x`, `repr(x)` aims to produce a short string with the property that `float(repr(x)) == x`. This is the usual behaviour in Python 3.1 and later. Otherwise, `float_repr_style` has value `'legacy'` and `repr(x)` behaves in the same way as it did in versions of Python prior to 3.1.

  New in version 3.1.

`sys.``getcheckinterval`()

  Return the interpreter’s “check interval”; see `setcheckinterval()`.

  Deprecated since version 3.2: Use `getswitchinterval()` instead.

`sys.``getdefaultencoding`()

  Return the name of the current default string encoding used by the Unicode implementation.

`sys.``getdlopenflags`()

  Return the current value of the flags that are used for `dlopen()` calls. The flag constants are defined in the `ctypes` and `DLFCN` modules. Availability: Unix.

`sys.``getfilesystemencoding`()

  Return the name of the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames into system file names. The result value depends on the operating system:

  - On Mac OS X, the encoding is `'utf-8'`.
  - On Unix, the encoding is the user’s preference according to the result of nl_langinfo(CODESET), or `'utf-8'` if `nl_langinfo(CODESET)` failed.
  - On Windows NT+, file names are Unicode natively, so no conversion is performed. `getfilesystemencoding()` still returns `'mbcs'`, as this is the encoding that applications should use when they explicitly want to convert Unicode strings to byte strings that are equivalent when used as file names.
  - On Windows 9x, the encoding is `'mbcs'`.

  Changed in version 3.2: On Unix, use `'utf-8'` instead of `None` if `nl_langinfo(CODESET)` failed. `getfilesystemencoding()` result cannot be `None`.

`sys.``getrefcount`(object)

  Return the reference count of the object. The count returned is generally one higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary) reference as an argument to `getrefcount()`.

`sys.``getrecursionlimit`()

  Return the current value of the recursion limit, the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python. It can be set by `setrecursionlimit()`.

`sys.``getsizeof`(object[, default])

  Return the size of an object in bytes. The object can be any type of object. All built-in objects will return correct results, but this does not have to hold true for third-party extensions as it is implementation specific.

  If given, default will be returned if the object does not provide means to retrieve the size. Otherwise a `TypeError` will be raised.

  `getsizeof()` calls the object’s `__sizeof__` method and adds an additional garbage collector overhead if the object is managed by the garbage collector.

  See recursive sizeof recipe for an example of using `getsizeof()` recursively to find the size of containers and all their contents.

`sys.``getswitchinterval`()

  Return the interpreter’s “thread switch interval”; see `setswitchinterval()`.

  New in version 3.2.

`sys.``_getframe`([depth])

  Return a frame object from the call stack. If optional integer depth is given, return the frame object that many calls below the top of the stack. If that is deeper than the call stack, `ValueError` is raised. The default for depth is zero, returning the frame at the top of the call stack.

  CPython implementation detail: This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only. It is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python.

`sys.``getprofile`()

  Get the profiler function as set by `setprofile()`.

`sys.``gettrace`()

  Get the trace function as set by `settrace()`.

  CPython implementation detail: The `gettrace()` function is intended only for implementing debuggers, profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and thus may not be available in all Python implementations.

`sys.``getwindowsversion`()

  Return a named tuple describing the Windows version currently running. The named elements are major, minor, build, platform, service_pack, service_pack_minor, service_pack_major, suite_mask, and product_type. service_pack contains a string while all other values are integers. The components can also be accessed by name, so `sys.getwindowsversion()[0]` is equivalent to `sys.getwindowsversion().major`. For compatibility with prior versions, only the first 5 elements are retrievable by indexing.

  platform may be one of the following values:

  Constant | Platform
  --- | ---
  `0 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32s)` | Win32s on Windows 3.1
  `1 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_WINDOWS)` | Windows 95/98/ME
  `2 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT)` | Windows NT/2000/XP/x64
  `3 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_CE)` | Windows CE

  product_type may be one of the following values:

  Constant | Meaning
  --- | ---
  `1 (VER_NT_WORKSTATION)` | The system is a workstation.
  `2 (VER_NT_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER)` | The system is a domain controller.
  `3 (VER_NT_SERVER)` | The system is a server, but not a domain controller.

  This function wraps the Win32 `GetVersionEx()` function; see the Microsoft documentation on `OSVERSIONINFOEX()` for more information about these fields.

  Availability: Windows.

  Changed in version 3.2: Changed to a named tuple and added service_pack_minor, service_pack_major, suite_mask, and product_type.

`sys.``hash_info`

  A structseq giving parameters of the numeric hash implementation. For more details about hashing of numeric types, see Hashing of numeric types.

  attribute | explanation
  --- | ---
  `width` | width in bits used for hash values
  `modulus` | prime modulus P used for numeric hash scheme
  `inf` | hash value returned for a positive infinity
  `nan` | hash value returned for a nan
  `imag` | multiplier used for the imaginary part of a complex number

  New in version 3.2.

`sys.``hexversion`

  The version number encoded as a single integer. This is guaranteed to increase with each version, including proper support for non-production releases. For example, to test that the Python interpreter is at least version 1.5.2, use:

      if sys.hexversion >= 0x010502F0:
          # use some advanced feature
          ...
      else:
          # use an alternative implementation or warn the user
          ...

  This is called `hexversion` since it only really looks meaningful when viewed as the result of passing it to the built-in `hex()` function. The struct sequence `sys.version_info` may be used for a more human-friendly encoding of the same information.

  The `hexversion` is a 32-bit number with the following layout:

  Bits (big endian order) | Meaning
  --- | ---
  `1-8` | `PY_MAJOR_VERSION` (the `2` in `2.1.0a3`)
  `9-16` | `PY_MINOR_VERSION` (the `1` in `2.1.0a3`)
  `17-24` | `PY_MICRO_VERSION` (the `0` in `2.1.0a3`)
  `25-28` | `PY_RELEASE_LEVEL` (`0xA` for alpha, `0xB` for beta, `0xC` for release candidate and `0xF` for final)
  `29-32` | `PY_RELEASE_SERIAL` (the `3` in `2.1.0a3`, zero for final releases)

  Thus `2.1.0a3` is hexversion `0x020100a3`.

`sys.``int_info`

  A struct sequence that holds information about Python’s internal representation of integers. The attributes are read only.

  Attribute | Explanation
  --- | ---
  `bits_per_digit` | number of bits held in each digit. Python integers are stored internally in base `2**int_info.bits_per_digit`
  `sizeof_digit` | size in bytes of the C type used to represent a digit

  New in version 3.1.

`sys.``intern`(string)

  Enter string in the table of “interned” strings and return the interned string – which is string itself or a copy. Interning strings is useful to gain a little performance on dictionary lookup – if the keys in a dictionary are interned, and the lookup key is interned, the key comparisons (after hashing) can be done by a pointer compare instead of a string compare. Normally, the names used in Python programs are automatically interned, and the dictionaries used to hold module, class or instance attributes have interned keys.

  Interned strings are not immortal; you must keep a reference to the return value of `intern()` around to benefit from it.

`sys.``last_type`
`sys.``last_value`
`sys.``last_traceback`

  These three variables are not always defined; they are set when an exception is not handled and the interpreter prints an error message and a stack traceback. Their intended use is to allow an interactive user to import a debugger module and engage in post-mortem debugging without having to re-execute the command that caused the error. (Typical use is `import pdb; pdb.pm()` to enter the post-mortem debugger; see `pdb` module for more information.)

  The meaning of the variables is the same as that of the return values from `exc_info()` above.

`sys.``maxsize`

  An integer giving the maximum value a variable of type `Py_ssize_t` can take. It’s usually `2**31 - 1` on a 32-bit platform and `2**63 - 1` on a 64-bit platform.

`sys.``maxunicode`

  An integer giving the largest supported code point for a Unicode character. The value of this depends on the configuration option that specifies whether Unicode characters are stored as UCS-2 or UCS-4.

`sys.``meta_path`

  A list of finder objects that have their `find_module()` methods called to see if one of the objects can find the module to be imported. The `find_module()` method is called at least with the absolute name of the module being imported. If the module to be imported is contained in package then the parent package’s `__path__` attribute is passed in as a second argument. The method returns `None` if the module cannot be found, else returns a loader.

  `sys.meta_path` is searched before any implicit default finders or `sys.path`.

  See PEP 302 for the original specification.

`sys.``modules`

  This is a dictionary that maps module names to modules which have already been loaded. This can be manipulated to force reloading of modules and other tricks.

`sys.``path`

  A list of strings that specifies the search path for modules. Initialized from the environment variable `PYTHONPATH`, plus an installation-dependent default.

  As initialized upon program startup, the first item of this list, `path[0]`, is the directory containing the script that was used to invoke the Python interpreter. If the script directory is not available (e.g. if the interpreter is invoked interactively or if the script is read from standard input), `path[0]` is the empty string, which directs Python to search modules in the current directory first. Notice that the script directory is inserted before the entries inserted as a result of `PYTHONPATH`.

  A program is free to modify this list for its own purposes.

  See also

  Module `site` This describes how to use .pth files to extend `sys.path`.

`sys.``path_hooks`

  A list of callables that take a path argument to try to create a finder for the path. If a finder can be created, it is to be returned by the callable, else raise `ImportError`.

  Originally specified in PEP 302.

`sys.``path_importer_cache`

  A dictionary acting as a cache for finder objects. The keys are paths that have been passed to `sys.path_hooks` and the values are the finders that are found. If a path is a valid file system path but no explicit finder is found on `sys.path_hooks` then `None` is stored to represent the implicit default finder should be used. If the path is not an existing path then `imp.NullImporter` is set.

  Originally specified in PEP 302.

`sys.``platform`

  This string contains a platform identifier that can be used to append platform-specific components to `sys.path`, for instance.

  For most Unix systems, this is the lowercased OS name as returned by `uname -s` with the first part of the version as returned by `uname -r` appended, e.g. `'sunos5'`, at the time when Python was built. Unless you want to test for a specific system version, it is therefore recommended to use the following idiom:

      if sys.platform.startswith('freebsd'):
          # FreeBSD-specific code here...
      elif sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
          # Linux-specific code here...

  Changed in version 3.2.2: Since lots of code check for `sys.platform == 'linux2'`, and there is no essential change between Linux 2.x and 3.x, `sys.platform` is always set to `'linux2'`, even on Linux 3.x. In Python 3.3 and later, the value will always be set to `'linux'`, so it is recommended to always use the `startswith` idiom presented above.

  For other systems, the values are:

  System | `platform` value
  --- | ---
  Linux (2.x and 3.x) | `'linux2'`
  Windows | `'win32'`
  Windows/Cygwin | `'cygwin'`
  Mac OS X | `'darwin'`
  OS/2 | `'os2'`
  OS/2 EMX | `'os2emx'`

  See also

  `os.name` has a coarser granularity. `os.uname()` gives system-dependent version information.

  The `platform` module provides detailed checks for the system’s identity.

`sys.``prefix`

  A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform independent Python files are installed; by default, this is the string `'/usr/local'`. This can be set at build time with the `--prefix` argument to the configure script. The main collection of Python library modules is installed in the directory `prefix/lib/pythonX.Y` while the platform independent header files (all except `pyconfig.h`) are stored in `prefix/include/pythonX.Y`, where X.Y is the version number of Python, for example `3.2`.

`sys.``ps1`
`sys.``ps2`

  Strings specifying the primary and secondary prompt of the interpreter. These are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode. Their initial values in this case are `'>>> '` and `'... '`. If a non-string object is assigned to either variable, its `str()` is re-evaluated each time the interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can be used to implement a dynamic prompt.

`sys.``setcheckinterval`(interval)

  Set the interpreter’s “check interval”. This integer value determines how often the interpreter checks for periodic things such as thread switches and signal handlers. The default is `100`, meaning the check is performed every 100 Python virtual instructions. Setting it to a larger value may increase performance for programs using threads. Setting it to a value `<=` 0 checks every virtual instruction, maximizing responsiveness as well as overhead.

  Deprecated since version 3.2: This function doesn’t have an effect anymore, as the internal logic for thread switching and asynchronous tasks has been rewritten. Use `setswitchinterval()` instead.

`sys.``setdlopenflags`(n)

  Set the flags used by the interpreter for `dlopen()` calls, such as when the interpreter loads extension modules. Among other things, this will enable a lazy resolving of symbols when importing a module, if called as `sys.setdlopenflags(0)`. To share symbols across extension modules, call as `sys.setdlopenflags(ctypes.RTLD_GLOBAL)`. Symbolic names for the flag modules can be either found in the `ctypes` module, or in the `DLFCN` module. If `DLFCN` is not available, it can be generated from `/usr/include/dlfcn.h` using the h2py script. Availability: Unix.

`sys.``setprofile`(profilefunc)

  Set the system’s profile function, which allows you to implement a Python source code profiler in Python. See chapter The Python Profilers for more information on the Python profiler. The system’s profile function is called similarly to the system’s trace function (see `settrace()`), but it isn’t called for each executed line of code (only on call and return, but the return event is reported even when an exception has been set). The function is thread-specific, but there is no way for the profiler to know about context switches between threads, so it does not make sense to use this in the presence of multiple threads. Also, its return value is not used, so it can simply return `None`.

`sys.``setrecursionlimit`(limit)

  Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to limit. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python.

  The highest possible limit is platform-dependent. A user may need to set the limit higher when they have a program that requires deep recursion and a platform that supports a higher limit. This should be done with care, because a too-high limit can lead to a crash.

`sys.``setswitchinterval`(interval)

  Set the interpreter’s thread switch interval (in seconds). This floating-point value determines the ideal duration of the “timeslices” allocated to concurrently running Python threads. Please note that the actual value can be higher, especially if long-running internal functions or methods are used. Also, which thread becomes scheduled at the end of the interval is the operating system’s decision. The interpreter doesn’t have its own scheduler.

  New in version 3.2.

`sys.``settrace`(tracefunc)

  Set the system’s trace function, which allows you to implement a Python source code debugger in Python. The function is thread-specific; for a debugger to support multiple threads, it must be registered using `settrace()` for each thread being debugged.

  Trace functions should have three arguments: frame, event, and arg. frame is the current stack frame. event is a string: `'call'`, `'line'`, `'return'`, `'exception'`, `'c_call'`, `'c_return'`, or `'c_exception'`. arg depends on the event type.

  The trace function is invoked (with event set to `'call'`) whenever a new local scope is entered; it should return a reference to a local trace function to be used that scope, or `None` if the scope shouldn’t be traced.

  The local trace function should return a reference to itself (or to another function for further tracing in that scope), or `None` to turn off tracing in that scope.

  The events have the following meaning:

  `'call'`
    A function is called (or some other code block entered). The global trace function is called; arg is `None`; the return value specifies the local trace function.
  `'line'`
    The interpreter is about to execute a new line of code or re-execute the condition of a loop. The local trace function is called; arg is `None`; the return value specifies the new local trace function. See `Objects/lnotab_notes.txt` for a detailed explanation of how this works.
  `'return'`
    A function (or other code block) is about to return. The local trace function is called; arg is the value that will be returned, or `None` if the event is caused by an exception being raised. The trace function’s return value is ignored.
  `'exception'`
    An exception has occurred. The local trace function is called; arg is a tuple `(exception, value, traceback)`; the return value specifies the new local trace function.
  `'c_call'`
    A C function is about to be called. This may be an extension function or a built-in. arg is the C function object.
  `'c_return'`
    A C function has returned. arg is the C function object.
  `'c_exception'`
    A C function has raised an exception. arg is the C function object.

  Note that as an exception is propagated down the chain of callers, an `'exception'` event is generated at each level.

  For more information on code and frame objects, refer to The standard type hierarchy.

  CPython implementation detail: The `settrace()` function is intended only for implementing debuggers, profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and thus may not be available in all Python implementations.

`sys.``settscdump`(on_flag)

  Activate dumping of VM measurements using the Pentium timestamp counter, if on_flag is true. Deactivate these dumps if on_flag is off. The function is available only if Python was compiled with `--with-tsc`. To understand the output of this dump, read `Python/ceval.c` in the Python sources.

  CPython implementation detail: This function is intimately bound to CPython implementation details and thus not likely to be implemented elsewhere.

`sys.``stdin`
`sys.``stdout`
`sys.``stderr`

  File objects used by the interpreter for standard input, output and errors:

  - `stdin` is used for all interactive input (including calls to `input()`);
  - `stdout` is used for the output of `print()` and expression statements and for the prompts of `input()`;
  - The interpreter’s own prompts and its error messages go to `stderr`.

  By default, these streams are regular text streams as returned by the `open()` function. Their parameters are chosen as follows:

  - The character encoding is platform-dependent. Under Windows, if the stream is interactive (that is, if its `isatty()` method returns True), the console codepage is used, otherwise the ANSI code page. Under other platforms, the locale encoding is used (see `locale.getpreferredencoding()`).

    Under all platforms though, you can override this value by setting the `PYTHONIOENCODING` environment variable.

  - When interactive, standard streams are line-buffered. Otherwise, they are block-buffered like regular text files. You can override this value with the -u command-line option.

  To write or read binary data from/to the standard streams, use the underlying binary `buffer`. For example, to write bytes to `stdout`, use `sys.stdout.buffer.write(b'abc')`. Using `io.TextIOBase.detach()`, streams can be made binary by default. This function sets `stdin` and `stdout` to binary:

      def make_streams_binary():
          sys.stdin = sys.stdin.detach()
          sys.stdout = sys.stdout.detach()

  Note that the streams may be replaced with objects (like `io.StringIO`) that do not support the `buffer` attribute or the `detach()` method and can raise `AttributeError` or `io.UnsupportedOperation`.

`sys.``__stdin__`
`sys.``__stdout__`
`sys.``__stderr__`

  These objects contain the original values of `stdin`, `stderr` and `stdout` at the start of the program. They are used during finalization, and could be useful to print to the actual standard stream no matter if the `sys.std*` object has been redirected.

  It can also be used to restore the actual files to known working file objects in case they have been overwritten with a broken object. However, the preferred way to do this is to explicitly save the previous stream before replacing it, and restore the saved object.

  Note

  Under some conditions `stdin`, `stdout` and `stderr` as well as the original values `__stdin__`, `__stdout__` and `__stderr__` can be None. It is usually the case for Windows GUI apps that aren’t connected to a console and Python apps started with pythonw.

`sys.``subversion`

  A triple (repo, branch, version) representing the Subversion information of the Python interpreter. repo is the name of the repository, `'CPython'`. branch is a string of one of the forms `'trunk'`, `'branches/name'` or `'tags/name'`. version is the output of `svnversion`, if the interpreter was built from a Subversion checkout; it contains the revision number (range) and possibly a trailing ‘M’ if there were local modifications. If the tree was exported (or svnversion was not available), it is the revision of `Include/patchlevel.h` if the branch is a tag. Otherwise, it is `None`.

  Deprecated since version 3.2.1: Python is now developed using Mercurial. In recent Python 3.2 bugfix releases, `subversion` therefore contains placeholder information. It is removed in Python 3.3.

`sys.``tracebacklimit`

  When this variable is set to an integer value, it determines the maximum number of levels of traceback information printed when an unhandled exception occurs. The default is `1000`. When set to `0` or less, all traceback information is suppressed and only the exception type and value are printed.

`sys.``version`

  A string containing the version number of the Python interpreter plus additional information on the build number and compiler used. This string is displayed when the interactive interpreter is started. Do not extract version information out of it, rather, use `version_info` and the functions provided by the `platform` module.

`sys.``api_version`

  The C API version for this interpreter. Programmers may find this useful when debugging version conflicts between Python and extension modules.

`sys.``version_info`

  A tuple containing the five components of the version number: major, minor, micro, releaselevel, and serial. All values except releaselevel are integers; the release level is `'alpha'`, `'beta'`, `'candidate'`, or `'final'`. The `version_info` value corresponding to the Python version 2.0 is `(2, 0, 0, 'final', 0)`. The components can also be accessed by name, so `sys.version_info[0]` is equivalent to `sys.version_info.major` and so on.

  Changed in version 3.1: Added named component attributes.

`sys.``warnoptions`

  This is an implementation detail of the warnings framework; do not modify this value. Refer to the `warnings` module for more information on the warnings framework.

`sys.``winver`

  The version number used to form registry keys on Windows platforms. This is stored as string resource 1000 in the Python DLL. The value is normally the first three characters of `version`. It is provided in the `sys` module for informational purposes; modifying this value has no effect on the registry keys used by Python. Availability: Windows.

`sys.``_xoptions`

  A dictionary of the various implementation-specific flags passed through the -X command-line option. Option names are either mapped to their values, if given explicitly, or to `True`. Example:

      $ ./python -Xa=b -Xc
      Python 3.2a3+ (py3k, Oct 16 2010, 20:14:50)
      [GCC 4.4.3] on linux2
      Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
      >>> import sys
      >>> sys._xoptions
      {'a': 'b', 'c': True}

  CPython implementation detail: This is a CPython-specific way of accessing options passed through -X. Other implementations may export them through other means, or not at all.

  New in version 3.2.

Citations

[C99] | ISO/IEC 9899:1999. “Programming languages – C.” A public draft of this standard is available at http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf .

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