Numeric and Mathematical Modules
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The modules described in this chapter provide numeric and math-related
functions and data types. The "numbers" module defines an abstract
hierarchy of numeric types. The "math" and "cmath" modules contain
various mathematical functions for floating-point and complex numbers.
The "decimal" module supports exact representations of decimal
numbers, using arbitrary precision arithmetic.

The following modules are documented in this chapter:

* "numbers" — Numeric abstract base classes

  * The numeric tower

  * Notes for type implementers

    * Adding More Numeric ABCs

    * Implementing the arithmetic operations

* "math" — Mathematical functions

  * Number-theoretic functions

  * Floating point arithmetic

  * Floating point manipulation functions

  * Power, exponential and logarithmic functions

  * Summation and product functions

  * Angular conversion

  * Trigonometric functions

  * Hyperbolic functions

  * Special functions

  * Constants

* "cmath" — Mathematical functions for complex numbers

  * Conversions to and from polar coordinates

  * Power and logarithmic functions

  * Trigonometric functions

  * Hyperbolic functions

  * Classification functions

  * Constants

* "decimal" — Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic

  * Quick-start tutorial

  * Decimal objects

    * Logical operands

  * Context objects

  * Constants

  * Rounding modes

  * Signals

  * Floating-point notes

    * Mitigating round-off error with increased precision

    * Special values

  * Working with threads

  * Recipes

  * Decimal FAQ

* "fractions" — Rational numbers

* "random" — Generate pseudo-random numbers

  * Bookkeeping functions

  * Functions for bytes

  * Functions for integers

  * Functions for sequences

  * Discrete distributions

  * Real-valued distributions

  * Alternative Generator

  * Notes on Reproducibility

  * Examples

  * Recipes

  * Command-line usage

  * Command-line example

* "statistics" — Mathematical statistics functions

  * Averages and measures of central location

  * Measures of spread

  * Statistics for relations between two inputs

  * Function details

  * Exceptions

  * "NormalDist" objects

  * Examples and Recipes

    * Classic probability problems

    * Monte Carlo inputs for simulations

    * Approximating binomial distributions

    * Naive bayesian classifier
