The Python Language Reference
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This reference manual describes the syntax and “core semantics” of the
language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The
semantics of non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in
functions and modules are described in The Python Standard Library.
For an informal introduction to the language, see The Python Tutorial.
For C or C++ programmers, two additional manuals exist: Extending and
Embedding the Python Interpreter describes the high-level picture of
how to write a Python extension module, and the Python/C API reference
manual describes the interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in
detail.

* 1. Introduction

  * 1.1. Alternate Implementations

  * 1.2. Notation

* 2. Lexical analysis

  * 2.1. Line structure

  * 2.2. Other tokens

  * 2.3. Names (identifiers and keywords)

  * 2.4. Literals

  * 2.5. String and Bytes literals

  * 2.6. Numeric literals

  * 2.7. Operators and delimiters

* 3. Data model

  * 3.1. Objects, values and types

  * 3.2. The standard type hierarchy

  * 3.3. Special method names

  * 3.4. Coroutines

* 4. Execution model

  * 4.1. Structure of a program

  * 4.2. Naming and binding

  * 4.3. Exceptions

  * 4.4. Runtime Components

* 5. The import system

  * 5.1. "importlib"

  * 5.2. Packages

  * 5.3. Searching

  * 5.4. Loading

  * 5.5. The Path Based Finder

  * 5.6. Replacing the standard import system

  * 5.7. Package Relative Imports

  * 5.8. Special considerations for __main__

  * 5.9. References

* 6. Expressions

  * 6.1. Arithmetic conversions

  * 6.2. Atoms

  * 6.3. Primaries

  * 6.4. Await expression

  * 6.5. The power operator

  * 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations

  * 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations

  * 6.8. Shifting operations

  * 6.9. Binary bitwise operations

  * 6.10. Comparisons

  * 6.11. Boolean operations

  * 6.12. Assignment expressions

  * 6.13. Conditional expressions

  * 6.14. Lambdas

  * 6.15. Expression lists

  * 6.16. Evaluation order

  * 6.17. Operator precedence

* 7. Simple statements

  * 7.1. Expression statements

  * 7.2. Assignment statements

  * 7.3. The "assert" statement

  * 7.4. The "pass" statement

  * 7.5. The "del" statement

  * 7.6. The "return" statement

  * 7.7. The "yield" statement

  * 7.8. The "raise" statement

  * 7.9. The "break" statement

  * 7.10. The "continue" statement

  * 7.11. The "import" statement

  * 7.12. The "global" statement

  * 7.13. The "nonlocal" statement

  * 7.14. The "type" statement

* 8. Compound statements

  * 8.1. The "if" statement

  * 8.2. The "while" statement

  * 8.3. The "for" statement

  * 8.4. The "try" statement

  * 8.5. The "with" statement

  * 8.6. The "match" statement

  * 8.7. Function definitions

  * 8.8. Class definitions

  * 8.9. Coroutines

  * 8.10. Type parameter lists

  * 8.11. Annotations

* 9. Top-level components

  * 9.1. Complete Python programs

  * 9.2. File input

  * 9.3. Interactive input

  * 9.4. Expression input

* 10. Full Grammar specification
