1. Whetting Your Appetite
*************************

If you do much work on computers, eventually you find that there’s
some task you’d like to automate.  For example, you may wish to
perform a search-and-replace over a large number of text files, or
rename and rearrange a bunch of photo files in a complicated way.
Perhaps you’d like to write a small custom database, or a specialized
GUI application, or a simple game.

If you’re a professional software developer, you may have to work with
several C/C++/Java libraries but find the usual write/compile/test/re-
compile cycle is too slow.  Perhaps you’re writing a test suite for
such a library and find writing the testing code a tedious task.  Or
maybe you’ve written a program that could use an extension language,
and you don’t want to design and implement a whole new language for
your application.

Python is just the language for you.

You could write a Unix shell script or Windows batch files for some of
these tasks, but shell scripts are best at moving around files and
changing text data, not well-suited for GUI applications or games. You
could write a C/C++/Java program, but it can take a lot of development
time to get even a first-draft program.  Python is simpler to use,
available on Windows, macOS, and Unix operating systems, and will help
you get the job done more quickly.

Python is simple to use, but it is a real programming language,
offering much more structure and support for large programs than shell
scripts or batch files can offer.  On the other hand, Python also
offers much more error checking than C, and, being a *very-high-level
language*, it has high-level data types built in, such as flexible
arrays and dictionaries.  Because of its more general data types
Python is applicable to a much larger problem domain than Awk or even
Perl, yet many things are at least as easy in Python as in those
languages.

Python allows you to split your program into modules that can be
reused in other Python programs.  It comes with a large collection of
standard modules that you can use as the basis of your programs — or
as examples to start learning to program in Python.  Some of these
modules provide things like file I/O, system calls, sockets, and even
interfaces to graphical user interface toolkits like Tk.

Python is an interpreted language, which can save you considerable
time during program development because no compilation and linking is
necessary.  The interpreter can be used interactively, which makes it
easy to experiment with features of the language, to write throw-away
programs, or to test functions during bottom-up program development.
It is also a handy desk calculator.

Python enables programs to be written compactly and readably.
Programs written in Python are typically much shorter than equivalent
C,  C++, or Java programs, for several reasons:

* the high-level data types allow you to express complex operations in
  a single statement;

* statement grouping is done by indentation instead of beginning and
  ending brackets;

* no variable or argument declarations are necessary.

Python is *extensible*: if you know how to program in C it is easy to
add a new built-in function or module to the interpreter, either to
perform critical operations at maximum speed, or to link Python
programs to libraries that may only be available in binary form (such
as a vendor-specific graphics library). Once you are really hooked,
you can link the Python interpreter into an application written in C
and use it as an extension or command language for that application.

By the way, the language is named after the BBC show “Monty Python’s
Flying Circus” and has nothing to do with reptiles.  Making references
to Monty Python skits in documentation is not only allowed, it is
encouraged!

Now that you are all excited about Python, you’ll want to examine it
in some more detail.  Since the best way to learn a language is to use
it, the tutorial invites you to play with the Python interpreter as
you read.

In the next chapter, the mechanics of using the interpreter are
explained.  This is rather mundane information, but essential for
trying out the examples shown later.

The rest of the tutorial introduces various features of the Python
language and system through examples, beginning with simple
expressions, statements and data types, through functions and modules,
and finally touching upon advanced concepts like exceptions and user-
defined classes.
