"importlib.resources" – Package resource reading, opening and access
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**Source code:** Lib/importlib/resources/__init__.py

======================================================================

Added in version 3.7.

This module leverages Python’s import system to provide access to
*resources* within *packages*.

“Resources” are file-like resources associated with a module or
package in Python. The resources may be contained directly in a
package, within a subdirectory contained in that package, or adjacent
to modules outside a package. Resources may be text or binary. As a
result, Python module sources (.py) of a package and compilation
artifacts (pycache) are technically de-facto resources of that
package. In practice, however, resources are primarily those non-
Python artifacts exposed specifically by the package author.

Resources can be opened or read in either binary or text mode.

Resources are roughly akin to files inside directories, though it’s
important to keep in mind that this is just a metaphor.  Resources and
packages **do not** have to exist as physical files and directories on
the file system: for example, a package and its resources can be
imported from a zip file using "zipimport".

Note:

  This module provides functionality similar to pkg_resources Basic
  Resource Access without the performance overhead of that package.
  This makes reading resources included in packages easier, with more
  stable and consistent semantics.The standalone backport of this
  module provides more information on using importlib.resources and
  migrating from pkg_resources to importlib.resources.

"Loaders" that wish to support resource reading should implement a
"get_resource_reader(fullname)" method as specified by
"importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader".

class importlib.resources.Anchor

   Represents an anchor for resources, either a "module object" or a
   module name as a string. Defined as "Union[str, ModuleType]".

importlib.resources.files(anchor: Anchor | None = None)

   Returns a "Traversable" object representing the resource container
   (think directory) and its resources (think files). A Traversable
   may contain other containers (think subdirectories).

   *anchor* is an optional "Anchor". If the anchor is a package,
   resources are resolved from that package. If a module, resources
   are resolved adjacent to that module (in the same package or the
   package root). If the anchor is omitted, the caller’s module is
   used.

   Added in version 3.9.

   Changed in version 3.12: *package* parameter was renamed to
   *anchor*. *anchor* can now be a non-package module and if omitted
   will default to the caller’s module. *package* is still accepted
   for compatibility but will raise a "DeprecationWarning". Consider
   passing the anchor positionally or using "importlib_resources >=
   5.10" for a compatible interface on older Pythons.

importlib.resources.as_file(traversable)

   Given a "Traversable" object representing a file or directory,
   typically from "importlib.resources.files()", return a context
   manager for use in a "with" statement. The context manager provides
   a "pathlib.Path" object.

   Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary file or
   directory created when the resource was extracted from e.g. a zip
   file.

   Use "as_file" when the Traversable methods ("read_text", etc) are
   insufficient and an actual file or directory on the file system is
   required.

   Added in version 3.9.

   Changed in version 3.12: Added support for *traversable*
   representing a directory.


Functional API
==============

A set of simplified, backwards-compatible helpers is available. These
allow common operations in a single function call.

For all the following functions:

* *anchor* is an "Anchor", as in "files()". Unlike in "files", it may
  not be omitted.

* *path_names* are components of a resource’s path name, relative to
  the anchor. For example, to get the text of resource named
  "info.txt", use:

     importlib.resources.read_text(my_module, "info.txt")

  Like "Traversable.joinpath", The individual components should use
  forward slashes ("/") as path separators. For example, the following
  are equivalent:

     importlib.resources.read_binary(my_module, "pics/painting.png")
     importlib.resources.read_binary(my_module, "pics", "painting.png")

  For backward compatibility reasons, functions that read text require
  an explicit *encoding* argument if multiple *path_names* are given.
  For example, to get the text of "info/chapter1.txt", use:

     importlib.resources.read_text(my_module, "info", "chapter1.txt",
                                   encoding='utf-8')

importlib.resources.open_binary(anchor, *path_names)

   Open the named resource for binary reading.

   See the introduction for details on *anchor* and *path_names*.

   This function returns a "BinaryIO" object, that is, a binary stream
   open for reading.

   This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).open('rb')

   Changed in version 3.13: Multiple *path_names* are accepted.

importlib.resources.open_text(anchor, *path_names, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')

   Open the named resource for text reading. By default, the contents
   are read as strict UTF-8.

   See the introduction for details on *anchor* and *path_names*.
   *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as in built-in
   "open()".

   For backward compatibility reasons, the *encoding* argument must be
   given explicitly if there are multiple *path_names*. This
   limitation is scheduled to be removed in Python 3.15.

   This function returns a "TextIO" object, that is, a text stream
   open for reading.

   This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).open('r', encoding=encoding)

   Changed in version 3.13: Multiple *path_names* are accepted.
   *encoding* and *errors* must be given as keyword arguments.

importlib.resources.read_binary(anchor, *path_names)

   Read and return the contents of the named resource as "bytes".

   See the introduction for details on *anchor* and *path_names*.

   This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).read_bytes()

   Changed in version 3.13: Multiple *path_names* are accepted.

importlib.resources.read_text(anchor, *path_names, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')

   Read and return the contents of the named resource as "str". By
   default, the contents are read as strict UTF-8.

   See the introduction for details on *anchor* and *path_names*.
   *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as in built-in
   "open()".

   For backward compatibility reasons, the *encoding* argument must be
   given explicitly if there are multiple *path_names*. This
   limitation is scheduled to be removed in Python 3.15.

   This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).read_text(encoding=encoding)

   Changed in version 3.13: Multiple *path_names* are accepted.
   *encoding* and *errors* must be given as keyword arguments.

importlib.resources.path(anchor, *path_names)

   Provides the path to the *resource* as an actual file system path.
   This function returns a context manager for use in a "with"
   statement. The context manager provides a "pathlib.Path" object.

   Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary files created,
   e.g. when the resource needs to be extracted from a zip file.

   For example, the "stat()" method requires an actual file system
   path; it can be used like this:

      with importlib.resources.path(anchor, "resource.txt") as fspath:
          result = fspath.stat()

   See the introduction for details on *anchor* and *path_names*.

   This function is roughly equivalent to:

      as_file(files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names))

   Changed in version 3.13: Multiple *path_names* are accepted.
   *encoding* and *errors* must be given as keyword arguments.

importlib.resources.is_resource(anchor, *path_names)

   Return "True" if the named resource exists, otherwise "False". This
   function does not consider directories to be resources.

   See the introduction for details on *anchor* and *path_names*.

   This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).is_file()

   Changed in version 3.13: Multiple *path_names* are accepted.

importlib.resources.contents(anchor, *path_names)

   Return an iterable over the named items within the package or path.
   The iterable returns names of resources (e.g. files) and non-
   resources (e.g. directories) as "str". The iterable does not
   recurse into subdirectories.

   See the introduction for details on *anchor* and *path_names*.

   This function is roughly equivalent to:

      for resource in files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).iterdir():
          yield resource.name

   Deprecated since version 3.11: Prefer "iterdir()" as above, which
   offers more control over the results and richer functionality.
