"pathlib" — Object-oriented filesystem paths
********************************************

Added in version 3.4.

**Source code:** Lib/pathlib.py

======================================================================

This module offers classes representing filesystem paths with
semantics appropriate for different operating systems.  Path classes
are divided between pure paths, which provide purely computational
operations without I/O, and concrete paths, which inherit from pure
paths but also provide I/O operations.

[image: Inheritance diagram showing the classes available in pathlib.
The most basic class is PurePath, which has three direct subclasses:
PurePosixPath, PureWindowsPath, and Path. Further to these four
classes, there are two classes that use multiple inheritance:
PosixPath subclasses PurePosixPath and Path, and WindowsPath
subclasses PureWindowsPath and Path.][image]

If you’ve never used this module before or just aren’t sure which
class is right for your task, "Path" is most likely what you need. It
instantiates a concrete path for the platform the code is running on.

Pure paths are useful in some special cases; for example:

1. If you want to manipulate Windows paths on a Unix machine (or vice
   versa). You cannot instantiate a "WindowsPath" when running on
   Unix, but you can instantiate "PureWindowsPath".

2. You want to make sure that your code only manipulates paths without
   actually accessing the OS. In this case, instantiating one of the
   pure classes may be useful since those simply don’t have any OS-
   accessing operations.

See also:

  **PEP 428**: The pathlib module – object-oriented filesystem paths.

See also:

  For low-level path manipulation on strings, you can also use the
  "os.path" module.


Basic use
=========

Importing the main class:

   >>> from pathlib import Path

Listing subdirectories:

   >>> p = Path('.')
   >>> [x for x in p.iterdir() if x.is_dir()]
   [PosixPath('.hg'), PosixPath('docs'), PosixPath('dist'),
    PosixPath('__pycache__'), PosixPath('build')]

Listing Python source files in this directory tree:

   >>> list(p.glob('**/*.py'))
   [PosixPath('test_pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'),
    PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
    PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py')]

Navigating inside a directory tree:

   >>> p = Path('/etc')
   >>> q = p / 'init.d' / 'reboot'
   >>> q
   PosixPath('/etc/init.d/reboot')
   >>> q.resolve()
   PosixPath('/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt')

Querying path properties:

   >>> q.exists()
   True
   >>> q.is_dir()
   False

Opening a file:

   >>> with q.open() as f: f.readline()
   ...
   '#!/bin/bash\n'


Pure paths
==========

Pure path objects provide path-handling operations which don’t
actually access a filesystem.  There are three ways to access these
classes, which we also call *flavours*:

class pathlib.PurePath(*pathsegments)

   A generic class that represents the system’s path flavour
   (instantiating it creates either a "PurePosixPath" or a
   "PureWindowsPath"):

      >>> PurePath('setup.py')      # Running on a Unix machine
      PurePosixPath('setup.py')

   Each element of *pathsegments* can be either a string representing
   a path segment, or an object implementing the "os.PathLike"
   interface where the "__fspath__()" method returns a string, such as
   another path object:

      >>> PurePath('foo', 'some/path', 'bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/some/path/bar')
      >>> PurePath(Path('foo'), Path('bar'))
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')

   When *pathsegments* is empty, the current directory is assumed:

      >>> PurePath()
      PurePosixPath('.')

   If a segment is an absolute path, all previous segments are ignored
   (like "os.path.join()"):

      >>> PurePath('/etc', '/usr', 'lib64')
      PurePosixPath('/usr/lib64')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', 'd:bar')
      PureWindowsPath('d:bar')

   On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted relative path
   segment (e.g., "r'\foo'") is encountered:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

   Spurious slashes and single dots are collapsed, but double dots
   ("'..'") and leading double slashes ("'//'") are not, since this
   would change the meaning of a path for various reasons (e.g.
   symbolic links, UNC paths):

      >>> PurePath('foo//bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('//foo/bar')
      PurePosixPath('//foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('foo/./bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('foo/../bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')

   (a naïve approach would make "PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')"
   equivalent to "PurePosixPath('bar')", which is wrong if "foo" is a
   symbolic link to another directory)

   Pure path objects implement the "os.PathLike" interface, allowing
   them to be used anywhere the interface is accepted.

   Changed in version 3.6: Added support for the "os.PathLike"
   interface.

class pathlib.PurePosixPath(*pathsegments)

   A subclass of "PurePath", this path flavour represents non-Windows
   filesystem paths:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')

   *pathsegments* is specified similarly to "PurePath".

class pathlib.PureWindowsPath(*pathsegments)

   A subclass of "PurePath", this path flavour represents Windows
   filesystem paths, including UNC paths:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')
      PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')

   *pathsegments* is specified similarly to "PurePath".

Regardless of the system you’re running on, you can instantiate all of
these classes, since they don’t provide any operation that does system
calls.


General properties
------------------

Paths are immutable and *hashable*.  Paths of a same flavour are
comparable and orderable.  These properties respect the flavour’s
case-folding semantics:

   >>> PurePosixPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('FOO')
   False
   >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PureWindowsPath('FOO')
   True
   >>> PureWindowsPath('FOO') in { PureWindowsPath('foo') }
   True
   >>> PureWindowsPath('C:') < PureWindowsPath('d:')
   True

Paths of a different flavour compare unequal and cannot be ordered:

   >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('foo')
   False
   >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') < PurePosixPath('foo')
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
   TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'PureWindowsPath' and 'PurePosixPath'


Operators
---------

The slash operator helps create child paths, like "os.path.join()". If
the argument is an absolute path, the previous path is ignored. On
Windows, the drive is not reset when the argument is a rooted relative
path (e.g., "r'\foo'"):

   >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
   >>> p
   PurePosixPath('/etc')
   >>> p / 'init.d' / 'apache2'
   PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
   >>> q = PurePath('bin')
   >>> '/usr' / q
   PurePosixPath('/usr/bin')
   >>> p / '/an_absolute_path'
   PurePosixPath('/an_absolute_path')
   >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
   PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

A path object can be used anywhere an object implementing
"os.PathLike" is accepted:

   >>> import os
   >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
   >>> os.fspath(p)
   '/etc'

The string representation of a path is the raw filesystem path itself
(in native form, e.g. with backslashes under Windows), which you can
pass to any function taking a file path as a string:

   >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
   >>> str(p)
   '/etc'
   >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')
   >>> str(p)
   'c:\\Program Files'

Similarly, calling "bytes" on a path gives the raw filesystem path as
a bytes object, as encoded by "os.fsencode()":

   >>> bytes(p)
   b'/etc'

Note:

  Calling "bytes" is only recommended under Unix.  Under Windows, the
  unicode form is the canonical representation of filesystem paths.


Accessing individual parts
--------------------------

To access the individual “parts” (components) of a path, use the
following property:

PurePath.parts

   A tuple giving access to the path’s various components:

      >>> p = PurePath('/usr/bin/python3')
      >>> p.parts
      ('/', 'usr', 'bin', 'python3')

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/PSF')
      >>> p.parts
      ('c:\\', 'Program Files', 'PSF')

   (note how the drive and local root are regrouped in a single part)


Methods and properties
----------------------

Pure paths provide the following methods and properties:

PurePath.drive

   A string representing the drive letter or name, if any:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').drive
      'c:'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('/Program Files/').drive
      ''
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').drive
      ''

   UNC shares are also considered drives:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share/foo.txt').drive
      '\\\\host\\share'

PurePath.root

   A string representing the (local or global) root, if any:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').root
      '\\'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').root
      ''
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').root
      '/'

   UNC shares always have a root:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').root
      '\\'

   If the path starts with more than two successive slashes,
   "PurePosixPath" collapses them:

      >>> PurePosixPath('//etc').root
      '//'
      >>> PurePosixPath('///etc').root
      '/'
      >>> PurePosixPath('////etc').root
      '/'

   Note:

     This behavior conforms to *The Open Group Base Specifications
     Issue 6*, paragraph 4.11 Pathname Resolution:*“A pathname that
     begins with two successive slashes may be interpreted in an
     implementation-defined manner, although more than two leading
     slashes shall be treated as a single slash.”*

PurePath.anchor

   The concatenation of the drive and root:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').anchor
      'c:\\'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').anchor
      'c:'
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').anchor
      '/'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').anchor
      '\\\\host\\share\\'

PurePath.parents

   An immutable sequence providing access to the logical ancestors of
   the path:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar/setup.py')
      >>> p.parents[0]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar')
      >>> p.parents[1]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/foo')
      >>> p.parents[2]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/')

   Changed in version 3.10: The parents sequence now supports *slices*
   and negative index values.

PurePath.parent

   The logical parent of the path:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/a/b/c/d')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('/a/b/c')

   You cannot go past an anchor, or empty path:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('/')
      >>> p = PurePosixPath('.')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('.')

   Note:

     This is a purely lexical operation, hence the following
     behaviour:

        >>> p = PurePosixPath('foo/..')
        >>> p.parent
        PurePosixPath('foo')

     If you want to walk an arbitrary filesystem path upwards, it is
     recommended to first call "Path.resolve()" so as to resolve
     symlinks and eliminate "".."" components.

PurePath.name

   A string representing the final path component, excluding the drive
   and root, if any:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').name
      'setup.py'

   UNC drive names are not considered:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share/setup.py').name
      'setup.py'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').name
      ''

PurePath.suffix

   The file extension of the final component, if any:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').suffix
      '.py'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffix
      '.gz'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffix
      ''

PurePath.suffixes

   A list of the path’s file extensions:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gar').suffixes
      ['.tar', '.gar']
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffixes
      ['.tar', '.gz']
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffixes
      []

PurePath.stem

   The final path component, without its suffix:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').stem
      'library.tar'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar').stem
      'library'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').stem
      'library'

PurePath.as_posix()

   Return a string representation of the path with forward slashes
   ("/"):

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:\\windows')
      >>> str(p)
      'c:\\windows'
      >>> p.as_posix()
      'c:/windows'

PurePath.as_uri()

   Represent the path as a "file" URI.  "ValueError" is raised if the
   path isn’t absolute.

   >>> p = PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
   >>> p.as_uri()
   'file:///etc/passwd'
   >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows')
   >>> p.as_uri()
   'file:///c:/Windows'

PurePath.is_absolute()

   Return whether the path is absolute or not.  A path is considered
   absolute if it has both a root and (if the flavour allows) a drive:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
      True
      >>> PurePosixPath('a/b').is_absolute()
      False

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/a/b').is_absolute()
      True
      >>> PureWindowsPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:').is_absolute()
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').is_absolute()
      True

PurePath.is_relative_to(other)

   Return whether or not this path is relative to the *other* path.

   >>> p = PurePath('/etc/passwd')
   >>> p.is_relative_to('/etc')
   True
   >>> p.is_relative_to('/usr')
   False

   This method is string-based; it neither accesses the filesystem nor
   treats “".."” segments specially. The following code is equivalent:

   >>> u = PurePath('/usr')
   >>> u == p or u in p.parents
   False

   Added in version 3.9.

   Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.14:
   Passing additional arguments is deprecated; if supplied, they are
   joined with *other*.

PurePath.is_reserved()

   With "PureWindowsPath", return "True" if the path is considered
   reserved under Windows, "False" otherwise.  With "PurePosixPath",
   "False" is always returned.

   >>> PureWindowsPath('nul').is_reserved()
   True
   >>> PurePosixPath('nul').is_reserved()
   False

   File system calls on reserved paths can fail mysteriously or have
   unintended effects.

PurePath.joinpath(*pathsegments)

   Calling this method is equivalent to combining the path with each
   of the given *pathsegments* in turn:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('passwd')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath(PurePosixPath('passwd'))
      PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('init.d', 'apache2')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:').joinpath('/Program Files')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

PurePath.match(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

   Match this path against the provided glob-style pattern.  Return
   "True" if matching is successful, "False" otherwise.

   If *pattern* is relative, the path can be either relative or
   absolute, and matching is done from the right:

      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').match('*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('b/*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('a/*.py')
      False

   If *pattern* is absolute, the path must be absolute, and the whole
   path must match:

      >>> PurePath('/a.py').match('/*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').match('/*.py')
      False

   The *pattern* may be another path object; this speeds up matching
   the same pattern against multiple files:

      >>> pattern = PurePath('*.py')
      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').match(pattern)
      True

   Note:

     The recursive wildcard “"**"” isn’t supported by this method (it
     acts like non-recursive “"*"”.)

   Changed in version 3.12: Accepts an object implementing the
   "os.PathLike" interface.

   As with other methods, case-sensitivity follows platform defaults:

      >>> PurePosixPath('b.py').match('*.PY')
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('b.py').match('*.PY')
      True

   Set *case_sensitive* to "True" or "False" to override this
   behaviour.

   Changed in version 3.12: The *case_sensitive* parameter was added.

PurePath.relative_to(other, walk_up=False)

   Compute a version of this path relative to the path represented by
   *other*.  If it’s impossible, "ValueError" is raised:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/')
      PurePosixPath('etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/etc')
      PurePosixPath('passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/usr')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
          raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
      ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not in the subpath of '/usr' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

   When *walk_up* is false (the default), the path must start with
   *other*. When the argument is true, ".." entries may be added to
   form the relative path. In all other cases, such as the paths
   referencing different drives, "ValueError" is raised.:

      >>> p.relative_to('/usr', walk_up=True)
      PurePosixPath('../etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('foo', walk_up=True)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
          raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
      ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not on the same drive as 'foo' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

   Warning:

     This function is part of "PurePath" and works with strings. It
     does not check or access the underlying file structure. This can
     impact the *walk_up* option as it assumes that no symlinks are
     present in the path; call "resolve()" first if necessary to
     resolve symlinks.

   Changed in version 3.12: The *walk_up* parameter was added (old
   behavior is the same as "walk_up=False").

   Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.14:
   Passing additional positional arguments is deprecated; if supplied,
   they are joined with *other*.

PurePath.with_name(name)

   Return a new path with the "name" changed.  If the original path
   doesn’t have a name, ValueError is raised:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_name('setup.py')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/setup.py')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
      >>> p.with_name('setup.py')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 751, in with_name
          raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
      ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

PurePath.with_stem(stem)

   Return a new path with the "stem" changed.  If the original path
   doesn’t have a name, ValueError is raised:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/draft.txt')
      >>> p.with_stem('final')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/final.txt')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_stem('lib')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/lib.gz')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
      >>> p.with_stem('')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 861, in with_stem
          return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 851, in with_name
          raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
      ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

   Added in version 3.9.

PurePath.with_suffix(suffix)

   Return a new path with the "suffix" changed.  If the original path
   doesn’t have a suffix, the new *suffix* is appended instead.  If
   the *suffix* is an empty string, the original suffix is removed:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_suffix('.bz2')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.bz2')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('README')
      >>> p.with_suffix('.txt')
      PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
      >>> p.with_suffix('')
      PureWindowsPath('README')

PurePath.with_segments(*pathsegments)

   Create a new path object of the same type by combining the given
   *pathsegments*. This method is called whenever a derivative path is
   created, such as from "parent" and "relative_to()". Subclasses may
   override this method to pass information to derivative paths, for
   example:

      from pathlib import PurePosixPath

      class MyPath(PurePosixPath):
          def __init__(self, *pathsegments, session_id):
              super().__init__(*pathsegments)
              self.session_id = session_id

          def with_segments(self, *pathsegments):
              return type(self)(*pathsegments, session_id=self.session_id)

      etc = MyPath('/etc', session_id=42)
      hosts = etc / 'hosts'
      print(hosts.session_id)  # 42

   Added in version 3.12.


Concrete paths
==============

Concrete paths are subclasses of the pure path classes.  In addition
to operations provided by the latter, they also provide methods to do
system calls on path objects.  There are three ways to instantiate
concrete paths:

class pathlib.Path(*pathsegments)

   A subclass of "PurePath", this class represents concrete paths of
   the system’s path flavour (instantiating it creates either a
   "PosixPath" or a "WindowsPath"):

      >>> Path('setup.py')
      PosixPath('setup.py')

   *pathsegments* is specified similarly to "PurePath".

class pathlib.PosixPath(*pathsegments)

   A subclass of "Path" and "PurePosixPath", this class represents
   concrete non-Windows filesystem paths:

      >>> PosixPath('/etc/hosts')
      PosixPath('/etc/hosts')

   *pathsegments* is specified similarly to "PurePath".

class pathlib.WindowsPath(*pathsegments)

   A subclass of "Path" and "PureWindowsPath", this class represents
   concrete Windows filesystem paths:

      >>> WindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
      WindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')

   *pathsegments* is specified similarly to "PurePath".

You can only instantiate the class flavour that corresponds to your
system (allowing system calls on non-compatible path flavours could
lead to bugs or failures in your application):

   >>> import os
   >>> os.name
   'posix'
   >>> Path('setup.py')
   PosixPath('setup.py')
   >>> PosixPath('setup.py')
   PosixPath('setup.py')
   >>> WindowsPath('setup.py')
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
     File "pathlib.py", line 798, in __new__
       % (cls.__name__,))
   NotImplementedError: cannot instantiate 'WindowsPath' on your system

Some concrete path methods can raise an "OSError" if a system call
fails (for example because the path doesn’t exist).


Expanding and resolving paths
-----------------------------

classmethod Path.home()

   Return a new path object representing the user’s home directory (as
   returned by "os.path.expanduser()" with "~" construct). If the home
   directory can’t be resolved, "RuntimeError" is raised.

      >>> Path.home()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine')

   Added in version 3.5.

Path.expanduser()

   Return a new path with expanded "~" and "~user" constructs, as
   returned by "os.path.expanduser()". If a home directory can’t be
   resolved, "RuntimeError" is raised.

      >>> p = PosixPath('~/films/Monty Python')
      >>> p.expanduser()
      PosixPath('/home/eric/films/Monty Python')

   Added in version 3.5.

classmethod Path.cwd()

   Return a new path object representing the current directory (as
   returned by "os.getcwd()"):

      >>> Path.cwd()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

Path.absolute()

   Make the path absolute, without normalization or resolving
   symlinks. Returns a new path object:

      >>> p = Path('tests')
      >>> p
      PosixPath('tests')
      >>> p.absolute()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/tests')

Path.resolve(strict=False)

   Make the path absolute, resolving any symlinks.  A new path object
   is returned:

      >>> p = Path()
      >>> p
      PosixPath('.')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

   “".."” components are also eliminated (this is the only method to
   do so):

      >>> p = Path('docs/../setup.py')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')

   If the path doesn’t exist and *strict* is "True",
   "FileNotFoundError" is raised.  If *strict* is "False", the path is
   resolved as far as possible and any remainder is appended without
   checking whether it exists.  If an infinite loop is encountered
   along the resolution path, "RuntimeError" is raised.

   Changed in version 3.6: The *strict* parameter was added (pre-3.6
   behavior is strict).

Path.readlink()

   Return the path to which the symbolic link points (as returned by
   "os.readlink()"):

      >>> p = Path('mylink')
      >>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
      >>> p.readlink()
      PosixPath('setup.py')

   Added in version 3.9.


Querying file type and status
-----------------------------

Changed in version 3.8: "exists()", "is_dir()", "is_file()",
"is_mount()", "is_symlink()", "is_block_device()", "is_char_device()",
"is_fifo()", "is_socket()" now return "False" instead of raising an
exception for paths that contain characters unrepresentable at the OS
level.

Path.stat(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return an "os.stat_result" object containing information about this
   path, like "os.stat()". The result is looked up at each call to
   this method.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to stat a symlink add the
   argument "follow_symlinks=False", or use "lstat()".

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_size
      956
      >>> p.stat().st_mtime
      1327883547.852554

   Changed in version 3.10: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.lstat()

   Like "Path.stat()" but, if the path points to a symbolic link,
   return the symbolic link’s information rather than its target’s.

Path.exists(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return "True" if the path points to an existing file or directory.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to check if a symlink
   exists, add the argument "follow_symlinks=False".

      >>> Path('.').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('setup.py').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('/etc').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('nonexistentfile').exists()
      False

   Changed in version 3.12: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.is_file()

   Return "True" if the path points to a regular file (or a symbolic
   link pointing to a regular file), "False" if it points to another
   kind of file.

   "False" is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken
   symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_dir()

   Return "True" if the path points to a directory (or a symbolic link
   pointing to a directory), "False" if it points to another kind of
   file.

   "False" is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken
   symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_symlink()

   Return "True" if the path points to a symbolic link, "False"
   otherwise.

   "False" is also returned if the path doesn’t exist; other errors
   (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_junction()

   Return "True" if the path points to a junction, and "False" for any
   other type of file. Currently only Windows supports junctions.

   Added in version 3.12.

Path.is_mount()

   Return "True" if the path is a *mount point*: a point in a file
   system where a different file system has been mounted.  On POSIX,
   the function checks whether *path*’s parent, "path/..", is on a
   different device than *path*, or whether "path/.." and *path* point
   to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount
   points for all Unix and POSIX variants.  On Windows, a mount point
   is considered to be a drive letter root (e.g. "c:\"), a UNC share
   (e.g. "\\server\share"), or a mounted filesystem directory.

   Added in version 3.7.

   Changed in version 3.12: Windows support was added.

Path.is_socket()

   Return "True" if the path points to a Unix socket (or a symbolic
   link pointing to a Unix socket), "False" if it points to another
   kind of file.

   "False" is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken
   symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_fifo()

   Return "True" if the path points to a FIFO (or a symbolic link
   pointing to a FIFO), "False" if it points to another kind of file.

   "False" is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken
   symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_block_device()

   Return "True" if the path points to a block device (or a symbolic
   link pointing to a block device), "False" if it points to another
   kind of file.

   "False" is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken
   symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_char_device()

   Return "True" if the path points to a character device (or a
   symbolic link pointing to a character device), "False" if it points
   to another kind of file.

   "False" is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken
   symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.samefile(other_path)

   Return whether this path points to the same file as *other_path*,
   which can be either a Path object, or a string.  The semantics are
   similar to "os.path.samefile()" and "os.path.samestat()".

   An "OSError" can be raised if either file cannot be accessed for
   some reason.

      >>> p = Path('spam')
      >>> q = Path('eggs')
      >>> p.samefile(q)
      False
      >>> p.samefile('spam')
      True

   Added in version 3.5.


Reading and writing files
-------------------------

Path.open(mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

   Open the file pointed to by the path, like the built-in "open()"
   function does:

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> with p.open() as f:
      ...     f.readline()
      ...
      '#!/usr/bin/env python3\n'

Path.read_text(encoding=None, errors=None)

   Return the decoded contents of the pointed-to file as a string:

      >>> p = Path('my_text_file')
      >>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
      18
      >>> p.read_text()
      'Text file contents'

   The file is opened and then closed. The optional parameters have
   the same meaning as in "open()".

   Added in version 3.5.

Path.read_bytes()

   Return the binary contents of the pointed-to file as a bytes
   object:

      >>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
      >>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
      20
      >>> p.read_bytes()
      b'Binary file contents'

   Added in version 3.5.

Path.write_text(data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

   Open the file pointed to in text mode, write *data* to it, and
   close the file:

      >>> p = Path('my_text_file')
      >>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
      18
      >>> p.read_text()
      'Text file contents'

   An existing file of the same name is overwritten. The optional
   parameters have the same meaning as in "open()".

   Added in version 3.5.

   Changed in version 3.10: The *newline* parameter was added.

Path.write_bytes(data)

   Open the file pointed to in bytes mode, write *data* to it, and
   close the file:

      >>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
      >>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
      20
      >>> p.read_bytes()
      b'Binary file contents'

   An existing file of the same name is overwritten.

   Added in version 3.5.


Reading directories
-------------------

Path.iterdir()

   When the path points to a directory, yield path objects of the
   directory contents:

      >>> p = Path('docs')
      >>> for child in p.iterdir(): child
      ...
      PosixPath('docs/conf.py')
      PosixPath('docs/_templates')
      PosixPath('docs/make.bat')
      PosixPath('docs/index.rst')
      PosixPath('docs/_build')
      PosixPath('docs/_static')
      PosixPath('docs/Makefile')

   The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special
   entries "'.'" and "'..'" are not included.  If a file is removed
   from or added to the directory after creating the iterator, it is
   unspecified whether a path object for that file is included.

   If the path is not a directory or otherwise inaccessible, "OSError"
   is raised.

Path.glob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

   Glob the given relative *pattern* in the directory represented by
   this path, yielding all matching files (of any kind):

      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*.py'))
      [PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'), PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]
      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*/*.py'))
      [PosixPath('docs/conf.py')]

   Patterns are the same as for "fnmatch", with the addition of “"**"”
   which means “this directory and all subdirectories, recursively”.
   In other words, it enables recursive globbing:

      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('**/*.py'))
      [PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
       PosixPath('pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('setup.py'),
       PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

   This method calls "Path.is_dir()" on the top-level directory and
   propagates any "OSError" exception that is raised. Subsequent
   "OSError" exceptions from scanning directories are suppressed.

   By default, or when the *case_sensitive* keyword-only argument is
   set to "None", this method matches paths using platform-specific
   casing rules: typically, case-sensitive on POSIX, and case-
   insensitive on Windows. Set *case_sensitive* to "True" or "False"
   to override this behaviour.

   Note:

     Using the “"**"” pattern in large directory trees may consume an
     inordinate amount of time.

   Raises an auditing event "pathlib.Path.glob" with arguments "self",
   "pattern".

   Changed in version 3.11: Return only directories if *pattern* ends
   with a pathname components separator ("sep" or "altsep").

   Changed in version 3.12: The *case_sensitive* parameter was added.

Path.rglob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

   Glob the given relative *pattern* recursively.  This is like
   calling "Path.glob()" with “"**/"” added in front of the *pattern*,
   where *patterns* are the same as for "fnmatch":

      >>> sorted(Path().rglob("*.py"))
      [PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
       PosixPath('pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('setup.py'),
       PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

   By default, or when the *case_sensitive* keyword-only argument is
   set to "None", this method matches paths using platform-specific
   casing rules: typically, case-sensitive on POSIX, and case-
   insensitive on Windows. Set *case_sensitive* to "True" or "False"
   to override this behaviour.

   Raises an auditing event "pathlib.Path.rglob" with arguments
   "self", "pattern".

   Changed in version 3.11: Return only directories if *pattern* ends
   with a pathname components separator ("sep" or "altsep").

   Changed in version 3.12: The *case_sensitive* parameter was added.

Path.walk(top_down=True, on_error=None, follow_symlinks=False)

   Generate the file names in a directory tree by walking the tree
   either top-down or bottom-up.

   For each directory in the directory tree rooted at *self*
   (including *self* but excluding ‘.’ and ‘..’), the method yields a
   3-tuple of "(dirpath, dirnames, filenames)".

   *dirpath* is a "Path" to the directory currently being walked,
   *dirnames* is a list of strings for the names of subdirectories in
   *dirpath* (excluding "'.'" and "'..'"), and *filenames* is a list
   of strings for the names of the non-directory files in *dirpath*.
   To get a full path (which begins with *self*) to a file or
   directory in *dirpath*, do "dirpath / name". Whether or not the
   lists are sorted is file system-dependent.

   If the optional argument *top_down* is true (which is the default),
   the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any
   of its subdirectories (directories are walked top-down).  If
   *top_down* is false, the triple for a directory is generated after
   the triples for all of its subdirectories (directories are walked
   bottom-up). No matter the value of *top_down*, the list of
   subdirectories is retrieved before the triples for the directory
   and its subdirectories are walked.

   When *top_down* is true, the caller can modify the *dirnames* list
   in-place (for example, using "del" or slice assignment), and
   "Path.walk()" will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names
   remain in *dirnames*. This can be used to prune the search, or to
   impose a specific order of visiting, or even to inform
   "Path.walk()" about directories the caller creates or renames
   before it resumes "Path.walk()" again. Modifying *dirnames* when
   *top_down* is false has no effect on the behavior of "Path.walk()"
   since the directories in *dirnames* have already been generated by
   the time *dirnames* is yielded to the caller.

   By default, errors from "os.scandir()" are ignored.  If the
   optional argument *on_error* is specified, it should be a callable;
   it will be called with one argument, an "OSError" instance. The
   callable can handle the error to continue the walk or re-raise it
   to stop the walk. Note that the filename is available as the
   "filename" attribute of the exception object.

   By default, "Path.walk()" does not follow symbolic links, and
   instead adds them to the *filenames* list. Set *follow_symlinks* to
   true to resolve symlinks and place them in *dirnames* and
   *filenames* as appropriate for their targets, and consequently
   visit directories pointed to by symlinks (where supported).

   Note:

     Be aware that setting *follow_symlinks* to true can lead to
     infinite recursion if a link points to a parent directory of
     itself. "Path.walk()" does not keep track of the directories it
     has already visited.

   Note:

     "Path.walk()" assumes the directories it walks are not modified
     during execution. For example, if a directory from *dirnames* has
     been replaced with a symlink and *follow_symlinks* is false,
     "Path.walk()" will still try to descend into it. To prevent such
     behavior, remove directories from *dirnames* as appropriate.

   Note:

     Unlike "os.walk()", "Path.walk()" lists symlinks to directories
     in *filenames* if *follow_symlinks* is false.

   This example displays the number of bytes used by all files in each
   directory, while ignoring "__pycache__" directories:

      from pathlib import Path
      for root, dirs, files in Path("cpython/Lib/concurrent").walk(on_error=print):
        print(
            root,
            "consumes",
            sum((root / file).stat().st_size for file in files),
            "bytes in",
            len(files),
            "non-directory files"
        )
        if '__pycache__' in dirs:
              dirs.remove('__pycache__')

   This next example is a simple implementation of "shutil.rmtree()".
   Walking the tree bottom-up is essential as "rmdir()" doesn’t allow
   deleting a directory before it is empty:

      # Delete everything reachable from the directory "top".
      # CAUTION:  This is dangerous! For example, if top == Path('/'),
      # it could delete all of your files.
      for root, dirs, files in top.walk(top_down=False):
          for name in files:
              (root / name).unlink()
          for name in dirs:
              (root / name).rmdir()

   Added in version 3.12.


Creating files and directories
------------------------------

Path.touch(mode=0o666, exist_ok=True)

   Create a file at this given path.  If *mode* is given, it is
   combined with the process’s "umask" value to determine the file
   mode and access flags.  If the file already exists, the function
   succeeds when *exist_ok* is true (and its modification time is
   updated to the current time), otherwise "FileExistsError" is
   raised.

   See also:

     The "open()", "write_text()" and "write_bytes()" methods are
     often used to create files.

Path.mkdir(mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False)

   Create a new directory at this given path.  If *mode* is given, it
   is combined with the process’s "umask" value to determine the file
   mode and access flags.  If the path already exists,
   "FileExistsError" is raised.

   If *parents* is true, any missing parents of this path are created
   as needed; they are created with the default permissions without
   taking *mode* into account (mimicking the POSIX "mkdir -p"
   command).

   If *parents* is false (the default), a missing parent raises
   "FileNotFoundError".

   If *exist_ok* is false (the default), "FileExistsError" is raised
   if the target directory already exists.

   If *exist_ok* is true, "FileExistsError" will not be raised unless
   the given path already exists in the file system and is not a
   directory (same behavior as the POSIX "mkdir -p" command).

   Changed in version 3.5: The *exist_ok* parameter was added.

Path.symlink_to(target, target_is_directory=False)

   Make this path a symbolic link pointing to *target*.

   On Windows, a symlink represents either a file or a directory, and
   does not morph to the target dynamically.  If the target is
   present, the type of the symlink will be created to match.
   Otherwise, the symlink will be created as a directory if
   *target_is_directory* is true or a file symlink (the default)
   otherwise.  On non-Windows platforms, *target_is_directory* is
   ignored.

      >>> p = Path('mylink')
      >>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_size
      956
      >>> p.lstat().st_size
      8

   Note:

     The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of
     "os.symlink()"’s.

Path.hardlink_to(target)

   Make this path a hard link to the same file as *target*.

   Note:

     The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of
     "os.link()"’s.

   Added in version 3.10.


Renaming and deleting
---------------------

Path.rename(target)

   Rename this file or directory to the given *target*, and return a
   new "Path" instance pointing to *target*.  On Unix, if *target*
   exists and is a file, it will be replaced silently if the user has
   permission. On Windows, if *target* exists, "FileExistsError" will
   be raised. *target* can be either a string or another path object:

      >>> p = Path('foo')
      >>> p.open('w').write('some text')
      9
      >>> target = Path('bar')
      >>> p.rename(target)
      PosixPath('bar')
      >>> target.open().read()
      'some text'

   The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
   interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
   directory of the "Path" object.

   It is implemented in terms of "os.rename()" and gives the same
   guarantees.

   Changed in version 3.8: Added return value, return the new "Path"
   instance.

Path.replace(target)

   Rename this file or directory to the given *target*, and return a
   new "Path" instance pointing to *target*.  If *target* points to an
   existing file or empty directory, it will be unconditionally
   replaced.

   The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
   interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
   directory of the "Path" object.

   Changed in version 3.8: Added return value, return the new "Path"
   instance.

Path.unlink(missing_ok=False)

   Remove this file or symbolic link.  If the path points to a
   directory, use "Path.rmdir()" instead.

   If *missing_ok* is false (the default), "FileNotFoundError" is
   raised if the path does not exist.

   If *missing_ok* is true, "FileNotFoundError" exceptions will be
   ignored (same behavior as the POSIX "rm -f" command).

   Changed in version 3.8: The *missing_ok* parameter was added.

Path.rmdir()

   Remove this directory.  The directory must be empty.


Permissions and ownership
-------------------------

Path.owner()

   Return the name of the user owning the file.  "KeyError" is raised
   if the file’s user identifier (UID) isn’t found in the system
   database.

Path.group()

   Return the name of the group owning the file.  "KeyError" is raised
   if the file’s group identifier (GID) isn’t found in the system
   database.

Path.chmod(mode, *, follow_symlinks=True)

   Change the file mode and permissions, like "os.chmod()".

   This method normally follows symlinks. Some Unix flavours support
   changing permissions on the symlink itself; on these platforms you
   may add the argument "follow_symlinks=False", or use "lchmod()".

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_mode
      33277
      >>> p.chmod(0o444)
      >>> p.stat().st_mode
      33060

   Changed in version 3.10: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.lchmod(mode)

   Like "Path.chmod()" but, if the path points to a symbolic link, the
   symbolic link’s mode is changed rather than its target’s.


Correspondence to tools in the "os" module
==========================================

Below is a table mapping various "os" functions to their corresponding
"PurePath"/"Path" equivalent.

+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os" and "os.path"                    | "pathlib"                                      |
|=======================================|================================================|
| "os.path.dirname()"                   | "PurePath.parent"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.basename()"                  | "PurePath.name"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.splitext()"                  | "PurePath.stem", "PurePath.suffix"             |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.join()"                      | "PurePath.joinpath()"                          |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isabs()"                     | "PurePath.is_absolute()"                       |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.relpath()"                   | "PurePath.relative_to()" [1]                   |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.expanduser()"                | "Path.expanduser()" [2]                        |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.realpath()"                  | "Path.resolve()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.abspath()"                   | "Path.absolute()" [3]                          |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.exists()"                    | "Path.exists()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isfile()"                    | "Path.is_file()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isdir()"                     | "Path.is_dir()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.islink()"                    | "Path.is_symlink()"                            |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isjunction()"                | "Path.is_junction()"                           |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.ismount()"                   | "Path.is_mount()"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.samefile()"                  | "Path.samefile()"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.getcwd()"                         | "Path.cwd()"                                   |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.stat()"                           | "Path.stat()"                                  |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.lstat()"                          | "Path.lstat()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.listdir()"                        | "Path.iterdir()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.walk()"                           | "Path.walk()" [4]                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.mkdir()", "os.makedirs()"         | "Path.mkdir()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.link()"                           | "Path.hardlink_to()"                           |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.symlink()"                        | "Path.symlink_to()"                            |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.readlink()"                       | "Path.readlink()"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.rename()"                         | "Path.rename()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.replace()"                        | "Path.replace()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.remove()", "os.unlink()"          | "Path.unlink()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.rmdir()"                          | "Path.rmdir()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.chmod()"                          | "Path.chmod()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.lchmod()"                         | "Path.lchmod()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+

-[ Footnotes ]-

[1] "os.path.relpath()" calls "abspath()" to make paths absolute and
    remove “".."” parts, whereas "PurePath.relative_to()" is a lexical
    operation that raises "ValueError" when its inputs’ anchors differ
    (e.g. if one path is absolute and the other relative.)

[2] "os.path.expanduser()" returns the path unchanged if the home
    directory can’t be resolved, whereas "Path.expanduser()" raises
    "RuntimeError".

[3] "os.path.abspath()" removes “".."” components without resolving
    symlinks, which may change the meaning of the path, whereas
    "Path.absolute()" leaves any “".."” components in the path.

[4] "os.walk()" always follows symlinks when categorizing paths into
    *dirnames* and *filenames*, whereas "Path.walk()" categorizes all
    symlinks into *filenames* when *follow_symlinks* is false (the
    default.)
