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# 19.11. `xml.etree.ElementTree` — The ElementTree XML API

The Element type is a flexible container object, designed to store hierarchical data structures in memory. The type can be described as a cross between a list and a dictionary.

Each element has a number of properties associated with it:

- a tag which is a string identifying what kind of data this element represents (the element type, in other words).
- a number of attributes, stored in a Python dictionary.
- a text string.
- an optional tail string.
- a number of child elements, stored in a Python sequence

To create an element instance, use the Element or SubElement factory functions.

The `ElementTree` class can be used to wrap an element structure, and convert it from and to XML.

A C implementation of this API is available as `xml.etree.cElementTree`.

See http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm for tutorials and links to other docs. Fredrik Lundh’s page is also the location of the development version of the xml.etree.ElementTree.

## 19.11.1. Functions

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``Comment`([text])
  Comment element factory. This factory function creates a special element that will be serialized as an XML comment. The comment string can be either an ASCII-only `bytes` object or a `str` object. text is a string containing the comment string. Returns an element instance representing a comment.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``dump`(elem)

  Writes an element tree or element structure to sys.stdout. This function should be used for debugging only.

  The exact output format is implementation dependent. In this version, it’s written as an ordinary XML file.

  elem is an element tree or an individual element.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``Element`(tag[, attrib][, **extra])

  Element factory. This function returns an object implementing the standard Element interface. The exact class or type of that object is implementation dependent, but it will always be compatible with the _ElementInterface class in this module.

  The element name, attribute names, and attribute values can be either an ASCII-only `bytes` object or a `str` object. tag is the element name. attrib is an optional dictionary, containing element attributes. extra contains additional attributes, given as keyword arguments. Returns an element instance.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``fromstring`(text)
  Parses an XML section from a string constant. Same as XML. text is a string containing XML data. Returns an Element instance.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``iselement`(element)
  Checks if an object appears to be a valid element object. element is an element instance. Returns a true value if this is an element object.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``iterparse`(source[, events])

  Parses an XML section into an element tree incrementally, and reports what’s going on to the user. source is a filename or file object containing XML data. events is a list of events to report back. If omitted, only “end” events are reported. Returns an iterator providing `(event, elem)` pairs.

  Note

  `iterparse()` only guarantees that it has seen the “>” character of a starting tag when it emits a “start” event, so the attributes are defined, but the contents of the text and tail attributes are undefined at that point. The same applies to the element children; they may or may not be present.

  If you need a fully populated element, look for “end” events instead.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``parse`(source[, parser])
  Parses an XML section into an element tree. source is a filename or file object containing XML data. parser is an optional parser instance. If not given, the standard XMLTreeBuilder parser is used. Returns an ElementTree instance.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``ProcessingInstruction`(target[, text])
  PI element factory. This factory function creates a special element that will be serialized as an XML processing instruction. target is a string containing the PI target. text is a string containing the PI contents, if given. Returns an element instance, representing a processing instruction.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``SubElement`(parent, tag[, attrib[, **extra]])

  Subelement factory. This function creates an element instance, and appends it to an existing element.

  The element name, attribute names, and attribute values can be an ASCII-only `bytes` object or a `str` object. parent is the parent element. tag is the subelement name. attrib is an optional dictionary, containing element attributes. extra contains additional attributes, given as keyword arguments. Returns an element instance.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``tostring`(element[, encoding])
  Generates a string representation of an XML element, including all subelements. element is an Element instance. encoding is the output encoding (default is US-ASCII). Returns an encoded string containing the XML data.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``XML`(text)
  Parses an XML section from a string constant. This function can be used to embed “XML literals” in Python code. text is a string containing XML data. Returns an Element instance.

`xml.etree.ElementTree.``XMLID`(text)
  Parses an XML section from a string constant, and also returns a dictionary which maps from element id:s to elements. text is a string containing XML data. Returns a tuple containing an Element instance and a dictionary.

## 19.11.2. The Element Interface

Element objects returned by Element or SubElement have the following methods and attributes.

`Element.``tag`
  A string identifying what kind of data this element represents (the element type, in other words).

`Element.``text`
  The text attribute can be used to hold additional data associated with the element. As the name implies this attribute is usually a string but may be any application-specific object. If the element is created from an XML file the attribute will contain any text found between the element tags.

`Element.``tail`
  The tail attribute can be used to hold additional data associated with the element. This attribute is usually a string but may be any application-specific object. If the element is created from an XML file the attribute will contain any text found after the element’s end tag and before the next tag.

`Element.``attrib`
  A dictionary containing the element’s attributes. Note that while the attrib value is always a real mutable Python dictionary, an ElementTree implementation may choose to use another internal representation, and create the dictionary only if someone asks for it. To take advantage of such implementations, use the dictionary methods below whenever possible.

The following dictionary-like methods work on the element attributes.

`Element.``clear`()
  Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets the text and tail attributes to None.

`Element.``get`(key[, default=None])

  Gets the element attribute named key.

  Returns the attribute value, or default if the attribute was not found.

`Element.``items`()
  Returns the element attributes as a sequence of (name, value) pairs. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

`Element.``keys`()
  Returns the elements attribute names as a list. The names are returned in an arbitrary order.

`Element.``set`(key, value)
  Set the attribute key on the element to value.

The following methods work on the element’s children (subelements).

`Element.``append`(subelement)
  Adds the element subelement to the end of this elements internal list of subelements.

`Element.``find`(match)
  Finds the first subelement matching match. match may be a tag name or path. Returns an element instance or `None`.

`Element.``findall`(match)
  Finds all subelements matching match. match may be a tag name or path. Returns an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order.

`Element.``findtext`(condition[, default=None])
  Finds text for the first subelement matching condition. condition may be a tag name or path. Returns the text content of the first matching element, or default if no element was found. Note that if the matching element has no text content an empty string is returned.

`Element.``getchildren`()
  Returns all subelements. The elements are returned in document order.

`Element.``getiterator`([tag=None])
  Creates a tree iterator with the current element as the root. The iterator iterates over this element and all elements below it that match the given tag. If tag is `None` or `'*'` then all elements are iterated over. Returns an iterable that provides element objects in document (depth first) order.

`Element.``insert`(index, element)
  Inserts a subelement at the given position in this element.

`Element.``makeelement`(tag, attrib)
  Creates a new element object of the same type as this element. Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead.

`Element.``remove`(subelement)
  Removes subelement from the element. Unlike the findXYZ methods this method compares elements based on the instance identity, not on tag value or contents.

Element objects also support the following sequence type methods for working with subelements: `__delitem__()`, `__getitem__()`, `__setitem__()`, `__len__()`.

Caution: Because Element objects do not define a `__bool__()` method, elements with no subelements will test as `False`.

    element = root.find('foo')

    if not element: # careful!
        print("element not found, or element has no subelements")

    if element is None:
        print("element not found")

## 19.11.3. ElementTree Objects

class `xml.etree.ElementTree.``ElementTree`([element][, file])

  ElementTree wrapper class. This class represents an entire element hierarchy, and adds some extra support for serialization to and from standard XML.

  element is the root element. The tree is initialized with the contents of the XML file if given.

  `_setroot`(element)
    Replaces the root element for this tree. This discards the current contents of the tree, and replaces it with the given element. Use with care. element is an element instance.
  `find`(path)
    Finds the first toplevel element with given tag. Same as getroot().find(path). path is the element to look for. Returns the first matching element, or `None` if no element was found.
  `findall`(path)
    Finds all toplevel elements with the given tag. Same as getroot().findall(path). path is the element to look for. Returns a list or iterator containing all matching elements, in document order.
  `findtext`(path[, default])
    Finds the element text for the first toplevel element with given tag. Same as getroot().findtext(path). path is the toplevel element to look for. default is the value to return if the element was not found. Returns the text content of the first matching element, or the default value no element was found. Note that if the element has is found, but has no text content, this method returns an empty string.
  `getiterator`([tag])
    Creates and returns a tree iterator for the root element. The iterator loops over all elements in this tree, in section order. tag is the tag to look for (default is to return all elements)
  `getroot`()
    Returns the root element for this tree.
  `parse`(source[, parser])
    Loads an external XML section into this element tree. source is a file name or file object. parser is an optional parser instance. If not given, the standard XMLTreeBuilder parser is used. Returns the section root element.
  `write`(file[, encoding])
    Writes the element tree to a file, as XML. file is a file name, or a file object opened for writing. encoding [1] is the output encoding (default is US-ASCII).

This is the XML file that is going to be manipulated:

    <html>
        <head>
            <title>Example page</title>
        </head>
        <body>
            <p>Moved to <a href="http://example.org/">example.org</a>
            or <a href="http://example.com/">example.com</a>.</p>
        </body>
    </html>

Example of changing the attribute “target” of every link in first paragraph:

    >>> from xml.etree.ElementTree import ElementTree
    >>> tree = ElementTree()
    >>> tree.parse("index.xhtml")
    <Element html at b7d3f1ec>
    >>> p = tree.find("body/p")     # Finds first occurrence of tag p in body
    >>> p
    <Element p at 8416e0c>
    >>> links = p.getiterator("a")  # Returns list of all links
    >>> links
    [<Element a at b7d4f9ec>, <Element a at b7d4fb0c>]
    >>> for i in links:             # Iterates through all found links
    ...     i.attrib["target"] = "blank"
    >>> tree.write("output.xhtml")

## 19.11.4. QName Objects

class `xml.etree.ElementTree.``QName`(text_or_uri[, tag])
  QName wrapper. This can be used to wrap a QName attribute value, in order to get proper namespace handling on output. text_or_uri is a string containing the QName value, in the form {uri}local, or, if the tag argument is given, the URI part of a QName. If tag is given, the first argument is interpreted as an URI, and this argument is interpreted as a local name. `QName` instances are opaque.

## 19.11.5. TreeBuilder Objects

class `xml.etree.ElementTree.``TreeBuilder`([element_factory])

  Generic element structure builder. This builder converts a sequence of start, data, and end method calls to a well-formed element structure. You can use this class to build an element structure using a custom XML parser, or a parser for some other XML-like format. The element_factory is called to create new Element instances when given.

  `close`()
    Flushes the parser buffers, and returns the toplevel document element. Returns an Element instance.
  `data`(data)
    Adds text to the current element. data is a string. This should be either an ASCII-only `bytes` object or a `str` object.
  `end`(tag)
    Closes the current element. tag is the element name. Returns the closed element.
  `start`(tag, attrs)
    Opens a new element. tag is the element name. attrs is a dictionary containing element attributes. Returns the opened element.

## 19.11.6. XMLTreeBuilder Objects

class `xml.etree.ElementTree.``XMLTreeBuilder`([html][, target])

  Element structure builder for XML source data, based on the expat parser. html are predefined HTML entities. This flag is not supported by the current implementation. target is the target object. If omitted, the builder uses an instance of the standard TreeBuilder class.

  `close`()
    Finishes feeding data to the parser. Returns an element structure.
  `doctype`(name, pubid, system)
    Handles a doctype declaration. name is the doctype name. pubid is the public identifier. system is the system identifier.
  `feed`(data)
    Feeds data to the parser. data is encoded data.

`XMLTreeBuilder.feed()` calls target‘s `start()` method for each opening tag, its `end()` method for each closing tag, and data is processed by method `data()`. `XMLTreeBuilder.close()` calls target‘s method `close()`. `XMLTreeBuilder` can be used not only for building a tree structure. This is an example of counting the maximum depth of an XML file:

    >>> from xml.etree.ElementTree import XMLTreeBuilder
    >>> class MaxDepth:                     # The target object of the parser
    ...     maxDepth = 0
    ...     depth = 0
    ...     def start(self, tag, attrib):   # Called for each opening tag.
    ...         self.depth += 1
    ...         if self.depth > self.maxDepth:
    ...             self.maxDepth = self.depth
    ...     def end(self, tag):             # Called for each closing tag.
    ...         self.depth -= 1
    ...     def data(self, data):
    ...         pass            # We do not need to do anything with data.
    ...     def close(self):    # Called when all data has been parsed.
    ...         return self.maxDepth
    ...
    >>> target = MaxDepth()
    >>> parser = XMLTreeBuilder(target=target)
    >>> exampleXml = """
    ... <a>
    ...   <b>
    ...   </b>
    ...   <b>
    ...     <c>
    ...       <d>
    ...       </d>
    ...     </c>
    ...   </b>
    ... </a>"""
    >>> parser.feed(exampleXml)
    >>> parser.close()
    4

Footnotes

[1] | The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the appropriate standards. For example, “UTF-8” is valid, but “UTF8” is not. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets.

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