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# Parsing arguments and building values

These functions are useful when creating your own extensions functions and methods. Additional information and examples are available in Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter.

The first three of these functions described, `PyArg_ParseTuple()`, `PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()`, and `PyArg_Parse()`, all use format strings which are used to tell the function about the expected arguments. The format strings use the same syntax for each of these functions.

A format string consists of zero or more “format units.” A format unit describes one Python object; it is usually a single character or a parenthesized sequence of format units. With a few exceptions, a format unit that is not a parenthesized sequence normally corresponds to a single address argument to these functions. In the following description, the quoted form is the format unit; the entry in (round) parentheses is the Python object type that matches the format unit; and the entry in [square] brackets is the type of the C variable(s) whose address should be passed.

`s` (string or Unicode object) [const char *]

  Convert a Python string or Unicode object to a C pointer to a character string. You must not provide storage for the string itself; a pointer to an existing string is stored into the character pointer variable whose address you pass. The C string is NUL-terminated. The Python string must not contain embedded NUL bytes; if it does, a `TypeError` exception is raised. Unicode objects are converted to C strings using the default encoding. If this conversion fails, a `UnicodeError` is raised.

  Starting with Python 2.5 the type of the length argument can be controlled by defining the macro `PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN` before including `Python.h`. If the macro is defined, length is a `Py_ssize_t` rather than an int.

`s*` (string, Unicode, or any buffer compatible object) [Py_buffer *]
  This is similar to `s`, but the code fills a `Py_buffer` structure provided by the caller. In this case the Python string may contain embedded null bytes. Unicode objects pass back a pointer to the default encoded string version of the object if such a conversion is possible. The underlying buffer is locked, so that the caller can subsequently use the buffer even inside a `Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` block. The caller is responsible for calling `PyBuffer_Release` with the structure after it has processed the data.
`s#` (string, Unicode or any read buffer compatible object) [const char *, int or `Py_ssize_t`]

  This variant on `s` stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer to a character string, the second one its length. In this case the Python string may contain embedded null bytes. Unicode objects pass back a pointer to the default encoded string version of the object if such a conversion is possible. All other read-buffer compatible objects pass back a reference to the raw internal data representation. Since this format doesn’t allow writable buffer compatible objects like byte arrays, `s*` is to be preferred.

  The type of the length argument (int or `Py_ssize_t`) is controlled by defining the macro `PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN` before including `Python.h`. If the macro was defined, length is a `Py_ssize_t` rather than an int. This behavior will change in a future Python version to only support `Py_ssize_t` and drop int support. It is best to always define `PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN`.

`y` (bytes object) [const char *]
  This variant on `s` converts a Python bytes or bytearray object to a C pointer to a character string. The bytes object must not contain embedded NUL bytes; if it does, a `TypeError` exception is raised.
`y*` (bytes object) [Py_buffer *]
  This is to `s*` as `y` is to `s`.
`y#` (bytes object) [const char *, int]
  This variant on `s#` stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer to a character string, the second one its length. This only accepts bytes objects, no byte arrays.
`z` (string or `None`) [const char *]
  Like `s`, but the Python object may also be `None`, in which case the C pointer is set to NULL.
`z*` (string or `None` or any buffer compatible object) [Py_buffer*]
  This is to `s*` as `z` is to `s`.
`z#` (string or `None` or any read buffer compatible object) [const char *, int]
  This is to `s#` as `z` is to `s`.
`u` (Unicode object) [Py_UNICODE *]
  Convert a Python Unicode object to a C pointer to a NUL-terminated buffer of 16-bit Unicode (UTF-16) data. As with `s`, there is no need to provide storage for the Unicode data buffer; a pointer to the existing Unicode data is stored into the `Py_UNICODE` pointer variable whose address you pass.
`u#` (Unicode object) [Py_UNICODE *, int]
  This variant on `u` stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer to a Unicode data buffer, the second one its length. Non-Unicode objects are handled by interpreting their read-buffer pointer as pointer to a `Py_UNICODE` array.
`Z` (Unicode or `None`) [Py_UNICODE *]
  Like `s`, but the Python object may also be `None`, in which case the C pointer is set to NULL.
`Z#` (Unicode or `None`) [Py_UNICODE *, int]
  This is to `u#` as `Z` is to `u`.
`es` (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char *encoding, char **buffer]

  This variant on `s` is used for encoding Unicode and objects convertible to Unicode into a character buffer. It only works for encoded data without embedded NUL bytes.

  This format requires two arguments. The first is only used as input, and must be a `const char*` which points to the name of an encoding as a NUL-terminated string, or NULL, in which case the default encoding is used. An exception is raised if the named encoding is not known to Python. The second argument must be a `char**`; the value of the pointer it references will be set to a buffer with the contents of the argument text. The text will be encoded in the encoding specified by the first argument.

  `PyArg_ParseTuple()` will allocate a buffer of the needed size, copy the encoded data into this buffer and adjust *buffer to reference the newly allocated storage. The caller is responsible for calling `PyMem_Free()` to free the allocated buffer after use.

`et` (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char *encoding, char **buffer]
  Same as `es` except that 8-bit string objects are passed through without recoding them. Instead, the implementation assumes that the string object uses the encoding passed in as parameter.
`es#` (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char *encoding, char **buffer, int *buffer_length]

  This variant on `s#` is used for encoding Unicode and objects convertible to Unicode into a character buffer. Unlike the `es` format, this variant allows input data which contains NUL characters.

  It requires three arguments. The first is only used as input, and must be a `const char*` which points to the name of an encoding as a NUL-terminated string, or NULL, in which case the default encoding is used. An exception is raised if the named encoding is not known to Python. The second argument must be a `char**`; the value of the pointer it references will be set to a buffer with the contents of the argument text. The text will be encoded in the encoding specified by the first argument. The third argument must be a pointer to an integer; the referenced integer will be set to the number of bytes in the output buffer.

  There are two modes of operation:

  If *buffer points a NULL pointer, the function will allocate a buffer of the needed size, copy the encoded data into this buffer and set *buffer to reference the newly allocated storage. The caller is responsible for calling `PyMem_Free()` to free the allocated buffer after usage.

  If *buffer points to a non-NULL pointer (an already allocated buffer), `PyArg_ParseTuple()` will use this location as the buffer and interpret the initial value of *buffer_length as the buffer size. It will then copy the encoded data into the buffer and NUL-terminate it. If the buffer is not large enough, a `ValueError` will be set.

  In both cases, *buffer_length is set to the length of the encoded data without the trailing NUL byte.

`et#` (string, Unicode object or character buffer compatible object) [const char *encoding, char **buffer, int *buffer_length]
  Same as `es#` except that string objects are passed through without recoding them. Instead, the implementation assumes that the string object uses the encoding passed in as parameter.
`b` (integer) [unsigned char]
  Convert a nonnegative Python integer to an unsigned tiny int, stored in a C `unsigned char`.
`B` (integer) [unsigned char]
  Convert a Python integer to a tiny int without overflow checking, stored in a C `unsigned char`.
`h` (integer) [short int]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `short int`.
`H` (integer) [unsigned short int]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `unsigned short int`, without overflow checking.
`i` (integer) [int]
  Convert a Python integer to a plain C `int`.
`I` (integer) [unsigned int]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `unsigned int`, without overflow checking.
`l` (integer) [long int]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `long int`.
`k` (integer) [unsigned long]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `unsigned long` without overflow checking.
`L` (integer) [PY_LONG_LONG]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `long long`. This format is only available on platforms that support `long long` (or `_int64` on Windows).
`K` (integer) [unsigned PY_LONG_LONG]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `unsigned long long` without overflow checking. This format is only available on platforms that support `unsigned long long` (or `unsigned _int64` on Windows).
`n` (integer) [Py_ssize_t]
  Convert a Python integer to a C `Py_ssize_t`.
`c` (string of length 1) [char]
  Convert a Python character, represented as a byte string of length 1, to a C `char`.
`C` (string of length 1) [int]
  Convert a Python character, represented as a unicode string of length 1, to a C `int`.
`f` (float) [float]
  Convert a Python floating point number to a C `float`.
`d` (float) [double]
  Convert a Python floating point number to a C `double`.
`D` (complex) [Py_complex]
  Convert a Python complex number to a C `Py_complex` structure.
`O` (object) [PyObject *]
  Store a Python object (without any conversion) in a C object pointer. The C program thus receives the actual object that was passed. The object’s reference count is not increased. The pointer stored is not NULL.
`O!` (object) [typeobject, PyObject *]
  Store a Python object in a C object pointer. This is similar to `O`, but takes two C arguments: the first is the address of a Python type object, the second is the address of the C variable (of type `PyObject*`) into which the object pointer is stored. If the Python object does not have the required type, `TypeError` is raised.
`O&` (object) [converter, anything]

  Convert a Python object to a C variable through a converter function. This takes two arguments: the first is a function, the second is the address of a C variable (of arbitrary type), converted to `void *`. The converter function in turn is called as follows:

      status = converter(object, address);

  where object is the Python object to be converted and address is the `void*` argument that was passed to the `PyArg_Parse*()` function. The returned status should be `1` for a successful conversion and `0` if the conversion has failed. When the conversion fails, the converter function should raise an exception and leave the content of address unmodified.

  If the converter returns Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED, it may get called a second time if the argument parsing eventually fails, giving the converter a chance to release any memory that it had already allocated. In this second call, the object parameter will be NULL; address will have the same value as in the original call.

  Changed in version 3.1: Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED was added.

`S` (string) [PyStringObject *]
  Like `O` but requires that the Python object is a string object. Raises `TypeError` if the object is not a string object. The C variable may also be declared as `PyObject*`.
`U` (Unicode string) [PyUnicodeObject *]
  Like `O` but requires that the Python object is a Unicode object. Raises `TypeError` if the object is not a Unicode object. The C variable may also be declared as `PyObject*`.
`t#` (read-only character buffer) [char *, int]
  Like `s#`, but accepts any object which implements the read-only buffer interface. The `char*` variable is set to point to the first byte of the buffer, and the `int` is set to the length of the buffer. Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted; `TypeError` is raised for all others.
`w` (read-write character buffer) [char *]
  Similar to `s`, but accepts any object which implements the read-write buffer interface. The caller must determine the length of the buffer by other means, or use `w#` instead. Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted; `TypeError` is raised for all others.
`w*` (read-write byte-oriented buffer) [Py_buffer *]
  This is to `w` what `s*` is to `s`.
`w#` (read-write character buffer) [char *, int]
  Like `s#`, but accepts any object which implements the read-write buffer interface. The `char *` variable is set to point to the first byte of the buffer, and the `int` is set to the length of the buffer. Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted; `TypeError` is raised for all others.
`(items)` (tuple) [matching-items]
  The object must be a Python sequence whose length is the number of format units in items. The C arguments must correspond to the individual format units in items. Format units for sequences may be nested.

It is possible to pass “long” integers (integers whose value exceeds the platform’s `LONG_MAX`) however no proper range checking is done — the most significant bits are silently truncated when the receiving field is too small to receive the value (actually, the semantics are inherited from downcasts in C — your mileage may vary).

A few other characters have a meaning in a format string. These may not occur inside nested parentheses. They are:

`|`
  Indicates that the remaining arguments in the Python argument list are optional. The C variables corresponding to optional arguments should be initialized to their default value — when an optional argument is not specified, `PyArg_ParseTuple()` does not touch the contents of the corresponding C variable(s).
`:`
  The list of format units ends here; the string after the colon is used as the function name in error messages (the “associated value” of the exception that `PyArg_ParseTuple()` raises).
`;`
  The list of format units ends here; the string after the semicolon is used as the error message instead of the default error message. `:` and `;` mutually exclude each other.

Note that any Python object references which are provided to the caller are borrowed references; do not decrement their reference count!

Additional arguments passed to these functions must be addresses of variables whose type is determined by the format string; these are used to store values from the input tuple. There are a few cases, as described in the list of format units above, where these parameters are used as input values; they should match what is specified for the corresponding format unit in that case.

For the conversion to succeed, the arg object must match the format and the format must be exhausted. On success, the `PyArg_Parse*()` functions return true, otherwise they return false and raise an appropriate exception. When the `PyArg_Parse*()` functions fail due to conversion failure in one of the format units, the variables at the addresses corresponding to that and the following format units are left untouched.

int `PyArg_ParseTuple`(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
  Parse the parameters of a function that takes only positional parameters into local variables. Returns true on success; on failure, it returns false and raises the appropriate exception.

int `PyArg_VaParse`(PyObject *args, const char *format, va_list vargs)
  Identical to `PyArg_ParseTuple()`, except that it accepts a va_list rather than a variable number of arguments.

int `PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords`(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, const char *format, char *keywords[], ...)
  Parse the parameters of a function that takes both positional and keyword parameters into local variables. Returns true on success; on failure, it returns false and raises the appropriate exception.

int `PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords`(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, const char *format, char *keywords[], va_list vargs)
  Identical to `PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()`, except that it accepts a va_list rather than a variable number of arguments.

int `PyArg_Parse`(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
  Function used to deconstruct the argument lists of “old-style” functions — these are functions which use the `METH_OLDARGS` parameter parsing method. This is not recommended for use in parameter parsing in new code, and most code in the standard interpreter has been modified to no longer use this for that purpose. It does remain a convenient way to decompose other tuples, however, and may continue to be used for that purpose.

int `PyArg_UnpackTuple`(PyObject *args, const char *name, Py_ssize_t min, Py_ssize_t max, ...)

  A simpler form of parameter retrieval which does not use a format string to specify the types of the arguments. Functions which use this method to retrieve their parameters should be declared as `METH_VARARGS` in function or method tables. The tuple containing the actual parameters should be passed as args; it must actually be a tuple. The length of the tuple must be at least min and no more than max; min and max may be equal. Additional arguments must be passed to the function, each of which should be a pointer to a `PyObject*` variable; these will be filled in with the values from args; they will contain borrowed references. The variables which correspond to optional parameters not given by args will not be filled in; these should be initialized by the caller. This function returns true on success and false if args is not a tuple or contains the wrong number of elements; an exception will be set if there was a failure.

  This is an example of the use of this function, taken from the sources for the `_weakref` helper module for weak references:

      static PyObject *
      weakref_ref(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
      {
          PyObject *object;
          PyObject *callback = NULL;
          PyObject *result = NULL;

          if (PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "ref", 1, 2, &object, &callback)) {
              result = PyWeakref_NewRef(object, callback);
          }
          return result;
      }

  The call to `PyArg_UnpackTuple()` in this example is entirely equivalent to this call to `PyArg_ParseTuple()`:

      PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O:ref", &object, &callback)

PyObject* `Py_BuildValue`(const char *format, ...)
  Return value: New reference.

  Create a new value based on a format string similar to those accepted by the `PyArg_Parse*()` family of functions and a sequence of values. Returns the value or NULL in the case of an error; an exception will be raised if NULL is returned.

  `Py_BuildValue()` does not always build a tuple. It builds a tuple only if its format string contains two or more format units. If the format string is empty, it returns `None`; if it contains exactly one format unit, it returns whatever object is described by that format unit. To force it to return a tuple of size 0 or one, parenthesize the format string.

  When memory buffers are passed as parameters to supply data to build objects, as for the `s` and `s#` formats, the required data is copied. Buffers provided by the caller are never referenced by the objects created by `Py_BuildValue()`. In other words, if your code invokes `malloc()` and passes the allocated memory to `Py_BuildValue()`, your code is responsible for calling `free()` for that memory once `Py_BuildValue()` returns.

  In the following description, the quoted form is the format unit; the entry in (round) parentheses is the Python object type that the format unit will return; and the entry in [square] brackets is the type of the C value(s) to be passed.

  The characters space, tab, colon and comma are ignored in format strings (but not within format units such as `s#`). This can be used to make long format strings a tad more readable.

  `s` (string) [char *]
    Convert a null-terminated C string to a Python object. If the C string pointer is NULL, `None` is used.
  `s#` (string) [char *, int]
    Convert a C string and its length to a Python object. If the C string pointer is NULL, the length is ignored and `None` is returned.
  `y` (bytes) [char *]
    This converts a C string to a Python `bytes()` object. If the C string pointer is NULL, `None` is returned.
  `y#` (bytes) [char *, int]
    This converts a C string and its lengths to a Python object. If the C string pointer is NULL, `None` is returned.
  `z` (string or `None`) [char *]
    Same as `s`.
  `z#` (string or `None`) [char *, int]
    Same as `s#`.
  `u` (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE *]
    Convert a null-terminated buffer of Unicode (UCS-2 or UCS-4) data to a Python Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is NULL, `None` is returned.
  `u#` (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE *, int]
    Convert a Unicode (UCS-2 or UCS-4) data buffer and its length to a Python Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is NULL, the length is ignored and `None` is returned.
  `U` (string) [char *]
    Convert a null-terminated C string to a Python unicode object. If the C string pointer is NULL, `None` is used.
  `U#` (string) [char *, int]
    Convert a C string and its length to a Python unicode object. If the C string pointer is NULL, the length is ignored and `None` is returned.
  `i` (integer) [int]
    Convert a plain C `int` to a Python integer object.
  `b` (integer) [char]
    Convert a plain C `char` to a Python integer object.
  `h` (integer) [short int]
    Convert a plain C `short int` to a Python integer object.
  `l` (integer) [long int]
    Convert a C `long int` to a Python integer object.
  `B` (integer) [unsigned char]
    Convert a C `unsigned char` to a Python integer object.
  `H` (integer) [unsigned short int]
    Convert a C `unsigned short int` to a Python integer object.
  `I` (integer) [unsigned int]
    Convert a C `unsigned int` to a Python integer object.
  `k` (integer) [unsigned long]
    Convert a C `unsigned long` to a Python integer object.
  `L` (long) [PY_LONG_LONG]
    Convert a C `long long` to a Python integer object. Only available on platforms that support `long long`.
  `K` (long) [unsigned PY_LONG_LONG]
    Convert a C `unsigned long long` to a Python integer object. Only available on platforms that support `unsigned long long`.
  `n` (int) [Py_ssize_t]
    Convert a C `Py_ssize_t` to a Python integer.
  `c` (string of length 1) [char]
    Convert a C `int` representing a byte to a Python byte string of length 1.
  `C` (string of length 1) [int]
    Convert a C `int` representing a character to Python unicode string of length 1.
  `d` (float) [double]
    Convert a C `double` to a Python floating point number.
  `f` (float) [float]
    Same as `d`.
  `D` (complex) [Py_complex *]
    Convert a C `Py_complex` structure to a Python complex number.
  `O` (object) [PyObject *]
    Pass a Python object untouched (except for its reference count, which is incremented by one). If the object passed in is a NULL pointer, it is assumed that this was caused because the call producing the argument found an error and set an exception. Therefore, `Py_BuildValue()` will return NULL but won’t raise an exception. If no exception has been raised yet, `SystemError` is set.
  `S` (object) [PyObject *]
    Same as `O`.
  `N` (object) [PyObject *]
    Same as `O`, except it doesn’t increment the reference count on the object. Useful when the object is created by a call to an object constructor in the argument list.
  `O&` (object) [converter, anything]
    Convert anything to a Python object through a converter function. The function is called with anything (which should be compatible with `void *`) as its argument and should return a “new” Python object, or NULL if an error occurred.
  `(items)` (tuple) [matching-items]
    Convert a sequence of C values to a Python tuple with the same number of items.
  `[items]` (list) [matching-items]
    Convert a sequence of C values to a Python list with the same number of items.
  `{items}` (dictionary) [matching-items]
    Convert a sequence of C values to a Python dictionary. Each pair of consecutive C values adds one item to the dictionary, serving as key and value, respectively.

  If there is an error in the format string, the `SystemError` exception is set and NULL returned.

PyObject* `Py_VaBuildValue`(const char *format, va_list vargs)
  Identical to `Py_BuildValue()`, except that it accepts a va_list rather than a variable number of arguments.

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