
Using the Python Interpreter
****************************


Invoking the Interpreter
========================

The Python interpreter is usually installed as "/usr/local/bin/python"
on those machines where it is available; putting "/usr/local/bin" in
your Unix shell's search path makes it possible to start it by typing
the command

   python

to the shell.  Since the choice of the directory where the interpreter
lives is an installation option, other places are possible; check with
your local Python guru or system administrator.  (E.g.,
"/usr/local/python" is a popular alternative location.)

On Windows machines, the Python installation is usually placed in
"C:\Python27", though you can change this when you're running the
installer.  To add this directory to your path,  you can type the
following command into the command prompt in a DOS box:

   set path=%path%;C:\python27

Typing an end-of-file character ("Control-D" on Unix, "Control-Z" on
Windows) at the primary prompt causes the interpreter to exit with a
zero exit status.  If that doesn't work, you can exit the interpreter
by typing the following command: "quit()".

The interpreter's line-editing features usually aren't very
sophisticated.  On Unix, whoever installed the interpreter may have
enabled support for the GNU readline library, which adds more
elaborate interactive editing and history features. Perhaps the
quickest check to see whether command line editing is supported is
typing Control-P to the first Python prompt you get.  If it beeps, you
have command line editing; see Appendix *Interactive Input Editing and
History Substitution* for an introduction to the keys.  If nothing
appears to happen, or if "^P" is echoed, command line editing isn't
available; you'll only be able to use backspace to remove characters
from the current line.

The interpreter operates somewhat like the Unix shell: when called
with standard input connected to a tty device, it reads and executes
commands interactively; when called with a file name argument or with
a file as standard input, it reads and executes a *script* from that
file.

A second way of starting the interpreter is "python -c command [arg]
...", which executes the statement(s) in *command*, analogous to the
shell's *-c* option.  Since Python statements often contain spaces or
other characters that are special to the shell, it is usually advised
to quote *command* in its entirety with single quotes.

Some Python modules are also useful as scripts.  These can be invoked
using "python -m module [arg] ...", which executes the source file for
*module* as if you had spelled out its full name on the command line.

When a script file is used, it is sometimes useful to be able to run
the script and enter interactive mode afterwards.  This can be done by
passing *-i* before the script.


Argument Passing
----------------

When known to the interpreter, the script name and additional
arguments thereafter are turned into a list of strings and assigned to
the "argv" variable in the "sys" module.  You can access this list by
executing "import sys".  The length of the list is at least one; when
no script and no arguments are given, "sys.argv[0]" is an empty
string.  When the script name is given as "'-'" (meaning  standard
input), "sys.argv[0]" is set to "'-'".  When *-c* *command* is used,
"sys.argv[0]" is set to "'-c'".  When *-m* *module* is used,
"sys.argv[0]"  is set to the full name of the located module.  Options
found after  *-c* *command* or *-m* *module* are not consumed  by the
Python interpreter's option processing but left in "sys.argv" for  the
command or module to handle.


Interactive Mode
----------------

When commands are read from a tty, the interpreter is said to be in
*interactive mode*.  In this mode it prompts for the next command with
the *primary prompt*, usually three greater-than signs (">>>"); for
continuation lines it prompts with the *secondary prompt*, by default
three dots ("..."). The interpreter prints a welcome message stating
its version number and a copyright notice before printing the first
prompt:

   python
   Python 2.7 (#1, Feb 28 2010, 00:02:06)
   Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
   >>>

Continuation lines are needed when entering a multi-line construct. As
an example, take a look at this "if" statement:

   >>> the_world_is_flat = 1
   >>> if the_world_is_flat:
   ...     print "Be careful not to fall off!"
   ...
   Be careful not to fall off!

For more on interactive mode, see *Interactive Mode*.


The Interpreter and Its Environment
===================================


Source Code Encoding
--------------------

It is possible to use encodings different than ASCII in Python source
files. The best way to do it is to put one more special comment line
right after the "#!" line to define the source file encoding:

   # -*- coding: encoding -*-

With that declaration, all characters in the source file will be
treated as having the encoding *encoding*, and it will be possible to
directly write Unicode string literals in the selected encoding.  The
list of possible encodings can be found in the Python Library
Reference, in the section on "codecs".

For example, to write Unicode literals including the Euro currency
symbol, the ISO-8859-15 encoding can be used, with the Euro symbol
having the ordinal value 164.  This script, when saved in the
ISO-8859-15 encoding, will print the value 8364 (the Unicode codepoint
corresponding to the Euro symbol) and then exit:

   # -*- coding: iso-8859-15 -*-

   currency = u"€"
   print ord(currency)

If your editor supports saving files as "UTF-8" with a UTF-8 *byte
order mark* (aka BOM), you can use that instead of an encoding
declaration. IDLE supports this capability if "Options/General/Default
Source Encoding/UTF-8" is set. Notice that this signature is not
understood in older Python releases (2.2 and earlier), and also not
understood by the operating system for script files with "#!" lines
(only used on Unix systems).

By using UTF-8 (either through the signature or an encoding
declaration), characters of most languages in the world can be used
simultaneously in string literals and comments.  Using non-ASCII
characters in identifiers is not supported. To display all these
characters properly, your editor must recognize that the file is
UTF-8, and it must use a font that supports all the characters in the
file.
