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# 16.7. `mmap` — Memory-mapped file support

Memory-mapped file objects behave like both strings and like file objects. Unlike normal string objects, however, these are mutable. You can use mmap objects in most places where strings are expected; for example, you can use the `re` module to search through a memory-mapped file. Since they’re mutable, you can change a single character by doing `obj[index] = 'a'`, or change a substring by assigning to a slice: `obj[i1:i2] = '...'`. You can also read and write data starting at the current file position, and `seek()` through the file to different positions.

A memory-mapped file is created by the `mmap` constructor, which is different on Unix and on Windows. In either case you must provide a file descriptor for a file opened for update. If you wish to map an existing Python file object, use its `fileno()` method to obtain the correct value for the fileno parameter. Otherwise, you can open the file using the `os.open()` function, which returns a file descriptor directly (the file still needs to be closed when done).

Note

If you want to create a memory-mapping for a writable, buffered file, you should `flush()` the file first. This is necessary to ensure that local modifications to the buffers are actually available to the mapping.

For both the Unix and Windows versions of the constructor, access may be specified as an optional keyword parameter. access accepts one of three values: `ACCESS_READ`, `ACCESS_WRITE`, or `ACCESS_COPY` to specify read-only, write-through or copy-on-write memory respectively. access can be used on both Unix and Windows. If access is not specified, Windows mmap returns a write-through mapping. The initial memory values for all three access types are taken from the specified file. Assignment to an `ACCESS_READ` memory map raises a `TypeError` exception. Assignment to an `ACCESS_WRITE` memory map affects both memory and the underlying file. Assignment to an `ACCESS_COPY` memory map affects memory but does not update the underlying file.

Changed in version 2.5: To map anonymous memory, -1 should be passed as the fileno along with the length.

Changed in version 2.6: mmap.mmap has formerly been a factory function creating mmap objects. Now mmap.mmap is the class itself.

class `mmap.``mmap`(fileno, length[, tagname[, access[, offset]]])

  (Windows version) Maps length bytes from the file specified by the file handle fileno, and creates a mmap object. If length is larger than the current size of the file, the file is extended to contain length bytes. If length is `0`, the maximum length of the map is the current size of the file, except that if the file is empty Windows raises an exception (you cannot create an empty mapping on Windows).

  tagname, if specified and not `None`, is a string giving a tag name for the mapping. Windows allows you to have many different mappings against the same file. If you specify the name of an existing tag, that tag is opened, otherwise a new tag of this name is created. If this parameter is omitted or `None`, the mapping is created without a name. Avoiding the use of the tag parameter will assist in keeping your code portable between Unix and Windows.

  offset may be specified as a non-negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. offset defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of the ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY.

class `mmap.``mmap`(fileno, length[, flags[, prot[, access[, offset]]]])

  (Unix version) Maps length bytes from the file specified by the file descriptor fileno, and returns a mmap object. If length is `0`, the maximum length of the map will be the current size of the file when `mmap` is called.

  flags specifies the nature of the mapping. `MAP_PRIVATE` creates a private copy-on-write mapping, so changes to the contents of the mmap object will be private to this process, and `MAP_SHARED` creates a mapping that’s shared with all other processes mapping the same areas of the file. The default value is `MAP_SHARED`.

  prot, if specified, gives the desired memory protection; the two most useful values are `PROT_READ` and `PROT_WRITE`, to specify that the pages may be read or written. prot defaults to `PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE`.

  access may be specified in lieu of flags and prot as an optional keyword parameter. It is an error to specify both flags, prot and access. See the description of access above for information on how to use this parameter.

  offset may be specified as a non-negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. offset defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of the PAGESIZE or ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY.

  To ensure validity of the created memory mapping the file specified by the descriptor fileno is internally automatically synchronized with physical backing store on Mac OS X and OpenVMS.

  This example shows a simple way of using `mmap`:

      import mmap

      # write a simple example file
      with open("hello.txt", "wb") as f:
          f.write("Hello Python!\n")

      with open("hello.txt", "r+b") as f:
          # memory-map the file, size 0 means whole file
          mm = mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), 0)
          # read content via standard file methods
          print mm.readline()  # prints "Hello Python!"
          # read content via slice notation
          print mm[:5]  # prints "Hello"
          # update content using slice notation;
          # note that new content must have same size
          mm[6:] = " world!\n"
          # ... and read again using standard file methods
          mm.seek(0)
          print mm.readline()  # prints "Hello  world!"
          # close the map
          mm.close()

  The next example demonstrates how to create an anonymous map and exchange data between the parent and child processes:

      import mmap
      import os

      mm = mmap.mmap(-1, 13)
      mm.write("Hello world!")

      pid = os.fork()

      if pid == 0: # In a child process
          mm.seek(0)
          print mm.readline()

          mm.close()

  Memory-mapped file objects support the following methods:

  `mmap.``close`()

    Closes the mmap. Subsequent calls to other methods of the object will result in a ValueError exception being raised. This will not close the open file.

  `mmap.``find`(string[, start[, end]])

    Returns the lowest index in the object where the substring string is found, such that string is contained in the range [start, end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Returns `-1` on failure.

  `mmap.``flush`([offset, size])

    Flushes changes made to the in-memory copy of a file back to disk. Without use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before the object is destroyed. If offset and size are specified, only changes to the given range of bytes will be flushed to disk; otherwise, the whole extent of the mapping is flushed.

    (Windows version) A nonzero value returned indicates success; zero indicates failure.

    (Unix version) A zero value is returned to indicate success. An exception is raised when the call failed.

  `mmap.``move`(dest, src, count)

    Copy the count bytes starting at offset src to the destination index dest. If the mmap was created with `ACCESS_READ`, then calls to move will raise a `TypeError` exception.

  `mmap.``read`(num)

    Return a string containing up to num bytes starting from the current file position; the file position is updated to point after the bytes that were returned.

  `mmap.``read_byte`()

    Returns a string of length 1 containing the character at the current file position, and advances the file position by 1.

  `mmap.``readline`()

    Returns a single line, starting at the current file position and up to the next newline.

  `mmap.``resize`(newsize)

    Resizes the map and the underlying file, if any. If the mmap was created with `ACCESS_READ` or `ACCESS_COPY`, resizing the map will raise a `TypeError` exception.

  `mmap.``rfind`(string[, start[, end]])

    Returns the highest index in the object where the substring string is found, such that string is contained in the range [start, end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Returns `-1` on failure.

  `mmap.``seek`(pos[, whence])

    Set the file’s current position. whence argument is optional and defaults to `os.SEEK_SET` or `0` (absolute file positioning); other values are `os.SEEK_CUR` or `1` (seek relative to the current position) and `os.SEEK_END` or `2` (seek relative to the file’s end).

  `mmap.``size`()

    Return the length of the file, which can be larger than the size of the memory-mapped area.

  `mmap.``tell`()

    Returns the current position of the file pointer.

  `mmap.``write`(string)

    Write the bytes in string into memory at the current position of the file pointer; the file position is updated to point after the bytes that were written. If the mmap was created with `ACCESS_READ`, then writing to it will raise a `TypeError` exception.

  `mmap.``write_byte`(byte)

    Write the single-character string byte into memory at the current position of the file pointer; the file position is advanced by `1`. If the mmap was created with `ACCESS_READ`, then writing to it will raise a `TypeError` exception.

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