
``os.path`` --- Common pathname manipulations
*********************************************

This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or
write files see ``open()``, and for accessing the filesystem see the
``os`` module.

Note: On Windows, many of these functions do not properly support UNC
  pathnames. ``splitunc()`` and ``ismount()`` do handle them
  correctly.

Unlike a unix shell, Python does not do any *automatic* path
expansions. Functions such as ``expanduser()`` and ``expandvars()``
can be invoked explicitly when an application desires shell-like path
expansion.  (See also the ``glob`` module.)

Note: Since different operating systems have different path name
  conventions, there are several versions of this module in the
  standard library.  The ``os.path`` module is always the path module
  suitable for the operating system Python is running on, and
  therefore usable for local paths.  However, you can also import and
  use the individual modules if you want to manipulate a path that is
  *always* in one of the different formats.  They all have the same
  interface:

  * ``posixpath`` for UNIX-style paths

  * ``ntpath`` for Windows paths

  * ``macpath`` for old-style MacOS paths

  * ``os2emxpath`` for OS/2 EMX paths

os.path.abspath(path)

   Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname *path*. On
   most platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function
   ``normpath()`` as follows: ``normpath(join(os.getcwd(), path))``.

   New in version 1.5.2.

os.path.basename(path)

   Return the base name of pathname *path*.  This is the second
   element of the pair returned by passing *path* to the function
   ``split()``.  Note that the result of this function is different
   from the Unix **basename** program; where **basename** for
   ``'/foo/bar/'`` returns ``'bar'``, the ``basename()`` function
   returns an empty string (``''``).

os.path.commonprefix(list)

   Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that
   is a prefix of all paths in  *list*.  If *list* is empty, return
   the empty string (``''``). Note that this may return invalid paths
   because it works a character at a time.

os.path.dirname(path)

   Return the directory name of pathname *path*.  This is the first
   element of the pair returned by passing *path* to the function
   ``split()``.

os.path.exists(path)

   Return ``True`` if *path* refers to an existing path.  Returns
   ``False`` for broken symbolic links. On some platforms, this
   function may return ``False`` if permission is not granted to
   execute ``os.stat()`` on the requested file, even if the *path*
   physically exists.

os.path.lexists(path)

   Return ``True`` if *path* refers to an existing path. Returns
   ``True`` for broken symbolic links.   Equivalent to ``exists()`` on
   platforms lacking ``os.lstat()``.

   New in version 2.4.

os.path.expanduser(path)

   On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component
   of ``~`` or ``~user`` replaced by that *user*'s home directory.

   On Unix, an initial ``~`` is replaced by the environment variable
   ``HOME`` if it is set; otherwise the current user's home directory
   is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module
   ``pwd``. An initial ``~user`` is looked up directly in the password
   directory.

   On Windows, ``HOME`` and ``USERPROFILE`` will be used if set,
   otherwise a combination of ``HOMEPATH`` and ``HOMEDRIVE`` will be
   used.  An initial ``~user`` is handled by stripping the last
   directory component from the created user path derived above.

   If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde,
   the path is returned unchanged.

os.path.expandvars(path)

   Return the argument with environment variables expanded.
   Substrings of the form ``$name`` or ``${name}`` are replaced by the
   value of environment variable *name*.  Malformed variable names and
   references to non-existing variables are left unchanged.

   On Windows, ``%name%`` expansions are supported in addition to
   ``$name`` and ``${name}``.

os.path.getatime(path)

   Return the time of last access of *path*.  The return value is a
   number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the
   ``time`` module).  Raise ``os.error`` if the file does not exist or
   is inaccessible.

   New in version 1.5.2.

   Changed in version 2.3: If ``os.stat_float_times()`` returns True,
   the result is a floating point number.

os.path.getmtime(path)

   Return the time of last modification of *path*.  The return value
   is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the
   ``time`` module). Raise ``os.error`` if the file does not exist or
   is inaccessible.

   New in version 1.5.2.

   Changed in version 2.3: If ``os.stat_float_times()`` returns True,
   the result is a floating point number.

os.path.getctime(path)

   Return the system's ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the
   time of the last change, and, on others (like Windows), is the
   creation time for *path*. The return value is a number giving the
   number of seconds since the epoch (see the  ``time`` module).
   Raise ``os.error`` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.

   New in version 2.3.

os.path.getsize(path)

   Return the size, in bytes, of *path*.  Raise ``os.error`` if the
   file does not exist or is inaccessible.

   New in version 1.5.2.

os.path.isabs(path)

   Return ``True`` if *path* is an absolute pathname.  On Unix, that
   means it begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a
   (back)slash after chopping off a potential drive letter.

os.path.isfile(path)

   Return ``True`` if *path* is an existing regular file.  This
   follows symbolic links, so both ``islink()`` and ``isfile()`` can
   be true for the same path.

os.path.isdir(path)

   Return ``True`` if *path* is an existing directory.  This follows
   symbolic links, so both ``islink()`` and ``isdir()`` can be true
   for the same path.

os.path.islink(path)

   Return ``True`` if *path* refers to a directory entry that is a
   symbolic link. Always ``False`` if symbolic links are not
   supported.

os.path.ismount(path)

   Return ``True`` if pathname *path* is a *mount point*: a point in a
   file system where a different file system has been mounted.  The
   function checks whether *path*'s parent, ``path/..``, is on a
   different device than *path*, or whether ``path/..`` and *path*
   point to the same i-node on the same device --- this should detect
   mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants.

os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])

   Join one or more path components intelligently.  If any component
   is an absolute path, all previous components (on Windows, including
   the previous drive letter, if there was one) are thrown away, and
   joining continues.  The return value is the concatenation of
   *path1*, and optionally *path2*, etc., with exactly one directory
   separator (``os.sep``) following each non-empty part except the
   last. (This means that an empty last part will result in a path
   that ends with a separator.)  Note that on Windows, since there is
   a current directory for each drive, ``os.path.join("c:", "foo")``
   represents a path relative to the current directory on drive ``C:``
   (``c:foo``), not ``c:\foo``.

os.path.normcase(path)

   Normalize the case of a pathname.  On Unix and Mac OS X, this
   returns the path unchanged; on case-insensitive filesystems, it
   converts the path to lowercase.  On Windows, it also converts
   forward slashes to backward slashes.

os.path.normpath(path)

   Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-
   level references so that ``A//B``, ``A/B/``, ``A/./B`` and
   ``A/foo/../B`` all become ``A/B``.  This string manipulation may
   change the meaning of a path that contains symbolic links.  On
   Windows, it converts forward slashes to backward slashes. To
   normalize case, use ``normcase()``.

os.path.realpath(path)

   Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating
   any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported
   by the operating system).

   New in version 2.2.

os.path.relpath(path[, start])

   Return a relative filepath to *path* either from the current
   directory or from an optional *start* point.

   *start* defaults to ``os.curdir``.

   Availability:  Windows, Unix.

   New in version 2.6.

os.path.samefile(path1, path2)

   Return ``True`` if both pathname arguments refer to the same file
   or directory (as indicated by device number and i-node number).
   Raise an exception if a ``os.stat()`` call on either pathname
   fails.

   Availability: Unix.

os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)

   Return ``True`` if the file descriptors *fp1* and *fp2* refer to
   the same file.

   Availability: Unix.

os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2)

   Return ``True`` if the stat tuples *stat1* and *stat2* refer to the
   same file. These structures may have been returned by ``fstat()``,
   ``lstat()``, or ``stat()``.  This function implements the
   underlying comparison used by ``samefile()`` and
   ``sameopenfile()``.

   Availability: Unix.

os.path.split(path)

   Split the pathname *path* into a pair, ``(head, tail)`` where
   *tail* is the last pathname component and *head* is everything
   leading up to that.  The *tail* part will never contain a slash; if
   *path* ends in a slash, *tail* will be empty.  If there is no slash
   in *path*, *head* will be empty.  If *path* is empty, both *head*
   and *tail* are empty.  Trailing slashes are stripped from *head*
   unless it is the root (one or more slashes only).  In all cases,
   ``join(head, tail)`` returns a path to the same location as *path*
   (but the strings may differ).  Also see the functions ``dirname()``
   and ``basename()``.

os.path.splitdrive(path)

   Split the pathname *path* into a pair ``(drive, tail)`` where
   *drive* is either a drive specification or the empty string.  On
   systems which do not use drive specifications, *drive* will always
   be the empty string.  In all cases, ``drive + tail`` will be the
   same as *path*.

   New in version 1.3.

os.path.splitext(path)

   Split the pathname *path* into a pair ``(root, ext)``  such that
   ``root + ext == path``, and *ext* is empty or begins with a period
   and contains at most one period. Leading periods on the basename
   are  ignored; ``splitext('.cshrc')`` returns  ``('.cshrc', '')``.

   Changed in version 2.6: Earlier versions could produce an empty
   root when the only period was the first character.

os.path.splitunc(path)

   Split the pathname *path* into a pair ``(unc, rest)`` so that *unc*
   is the UNC mount point (such as ``r'\\host\mount'``), if present,
   and *rest* the rest of the path (such as  ``r'\path\file.ext'``).
   For paths containing drive letters, *unc* will always be the empty
   string.

   Availability:  Windows.

os.path.walk(path, visit, arg)

   Calls the function *visit* with arguments ``(arg, dirname, names)``
   for each directory in the directory tree rooted at *path*
   (including *path* itself, if it is a directory).  The argument
   *dirname* specifies the visited directory, the argument *names*
   lists the files in the directory (gotten from
   ``os.listdir(dirname)``). The *visit* function may modify *names*
   to influence the set of directories visited below *dirname*, e.g.
   to avoid visiting certain parts of the tree.  (The object referred
   to by *names* must be modified in place, using ``del`` or slice
   assignment.)

   Note: Symbolic links to directories are not treated as subdirectories,
     and that ``walk()`` therefore will not visit them. To visit
     linked directories you must identify them with
     ``os.path.islink(file)`` and ``os.path.isdir(file)``, and invoke
     ``walk()`` as necessary.

   Note: This function is deprecated and has been removed in Python 3 in
     favor of ``os.walk()``.

os.path.supports_unicode_filenames

   True if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within
   limitations imposed by the file system).

   New in version 2.3.
