# 11.11. `bsddb` — Interface to Berkeley DB library

Deprecated since version 2.6: The `bsddb` module has been removed in Python 3.

The `bsddb` module provides an interface to the Berkeley DB library. Users can create hash, btree or record based library files using the appropriate open call. Bsddb objects behave generally like dictionaries. Keys and values must be strings, however, so to use other objects as keys or to store other kinds of objects the user must serialize them somehow, typically using `marshal.dumps()` or `pickle.dumps()`.

The `bsddb` module requires a Berkeley DB library version from 4.0 thru 4.7.

See also

http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm
  The website with documentation for the `bsddb.db` Python Berkeley DB interface that closely mirrors the object oriented interface provided in Berkeley DB 4.x itself.
http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/
  The Berkeley DB library.

A more modern DB, DBEnv and DBSequence object interface is available in the `bsddb.db` module which closely matches the Berkeley DB C API documented at the above URLs. Additional features provided by the `bsddb.db` API include fine tuning, transactions, logging, and multiprocess concurrent database access.

The following is a description of the legacy `bsddb` interface compatible with the old Python bsddb module. Starting in Python 2.5 this interface should be safe for multithreaded access. The `bsddb.db` API is recommended for threading users as it provides better control.

The `bsddb` module defines the following functions that create objects that access the appropriate type of Berkeley DB file. The first two arguments of each function are the same. For ease of portability, only the first two arguments should be used in most instances.

`bsddb.``hashopen`(filename[, flag[, mode[, pgsize[, ffactor[, nelem[, cachesize[, lorder[, hflags]]]]]]]])

  Open the hash format file named filename. Files never intended to be preserved on disk may be created by passing `None` as the filename. The optional flag identifies the mode used to open the file. It may be `'r'` (read only), `'w'` (read-write), `'c'` (read-write - create if necessary; the default) or `'n'` (read-write - truncate to zero length). The other arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level `dbopen()` function. Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.

`bsddb.``btopen`(filename[, flag[, mode[, btflags[, cachesize[, maxkeypage[, minkeypage[, pgsize[, lorder]]]]]]]])

  Open the btree format file named filename. Files never intended to be preserved on disk may be created by passing `None` as the filename. The optional flag identifies the mode used to open the file. It may be `'r'` (read only), `'w'` (read-write), `'c'` (read-write - create if necessary; the default) or `'n'` (read-write - truncate to zero length). The other arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function. Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.

`bsddb.``rnopen`(filename[, flag[, mode[, rnflags[, cachesize[, pgsize[, lorder[, rlen[, delim[, source[, pad]]]]]]]]]])

  Open a DB record format file named filename. Files never intended to be preserved on disk may be created by passing `None` as the filename. The optional flag identifies the mode used to open the file. It may be `'r'` (read only), `'w'` (read-write), `'c'` (read-write - create if necessary; the default) or `'n'` (read-write - truncate to zero length). The other arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function. Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.

Note

Beginning in 2.3 some Unix versions of Python may have a `bsddb185` module. This is present only to allow backwards compatibility with systems which ship with the old Berkeley DB 1.85 database library. The `bsddb185` module should never be used directly in new code. The module has been removed in Python 3. If you find you still need it look in PyPI.

See also

Module `dbhash`
  DBM-style interface to the `bsddb`

## 11.11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects

Once instantiated, hash, btree and record objects support the same methods as dictionaries. In addition, they support the methods listed below.

Changed in version 2.3.1: Added dictionary methods.

`bsddbobject.``close`()

  Close the underlying file. The object can no longer be accessed. Since there is no open `open()` method for these objects, to open the file again a new `bsddb` module open function must be called.

`bsddbobject.``keys`()

  Return the list of keys contained in the DB file. The order of the list is unspecified and should not be relied on. In particular, the order of the list returned is different for different file formats.

`bsddbobject.``has_key`(key)

  Return `1` if the DB file contains the argument as a key.

`bsddbobject.``set_location`(key)

  Set the cursor to the item indicated by key and return a tuple containing the key and its value. For binary tree databases (opened using `btopen()`), if key does not actually exist in the database, the cursor will point to the next item in sorted order and return that key and value. For other databases, `KeyError` will be raised if key is not found in the database.

`bsddbobject.``first`()

  Set the cursor to the first item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases. This method raises `bsddb.error` if the database is empty.

`bsddbobject.``next`()

  Set the cursor to the next item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases.

`bsddbobject.``previous`()

  Set the cursor to the previous item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases. This is not supported on hashtable databases (those opened with `hashopen()`).

`bsddbobject.``last`()

  Set the cursor to the last item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified. This is not supported on hashtable databases (those opened with `hashopen()`). This method raises `bsddb.error` if the database is empty.

`bsddbobject.``sync`()

  Synchronize the database on disk.

Example:

    >>> import bsddb
    >>> db = bsddb.btopen('spam.db', 'c')
    >>> for i in range(10): db['%d'%i] = '%d'% (i*i)
    ...
    >>> db['3']
    '9'
    >>> db.keys()
    ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']
    >>> db.first()
    ('0', '0')
    >>> db.next()
    ('1', '1')
    >>> db.last()
    ('9', '81')
    >>> db.set_location('2')
    ('2', '4')
    >>> db.previous()
    ('1', '1')
    >>> for k, v in db.iteritems():
    ...     print k, v
    0 0
    1 1
    2 4
    3 9
    4 16
    5 25
    6 36
    7 49
    8 64
    9 81
    >>> '8' in db
    True
    >>> db.sync()
    0