
Python Documentation contents
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* What's New in Python

  * What's New in Python 2.7

    * The Future for Python 2.x

    * Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings

    * Python 3.1 Features

    * PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections

    * PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator

    * PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines

    * PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging

    * PEP 3106: Dictionary Views

    * PEP 3137: The memoryview Object

    * Other Language Changes

      * Interpreter Changes

      * Optimizations

    * New and Improved Modules

      * New module: importlib

      * New module: sysconfig

      * ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk

      * Updated module: unittest

      * Updated module: ElementTree 1.3

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Capsules

      * Port-Specific Changes: Windows

      * Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X

      * Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Porting to Python 2.7

    * New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases

      * PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches

      * PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7

      * PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7

        * Bootstrapping pip By Default

        * Documentation Changes

      * PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for
        stdlib http clients

      * PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7

    * Acknowledgements

  * What's New in Python 2.6

    * Python 3.0

    * Changes to the Development Process

      * New Issue Tracker: Roundup

      * New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx

    * PEP 343: The 'with' statement

      * Writing Context Managers

      * The contextlib module

    * PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module

    * PEP 370: Per-user "site-packages" Directory

    * PEP 371: The "multiprocessing" Package

    * PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting

    * PEP 3105: "print" As a Function

    * PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes

    * PEP 3112: Byte Literals

    * PEP 3116: New I/O Library

    * PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol

    * PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes

    * PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax

    * PEP 3129: Class Decorators

    * PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers

      * The "fractions" Module

    * Other Language Changes

      * Optimizations

      * Interpreter Changes

    * New and Improved Modules

      * The "ast" module

      * The "future_builtins" module

      * The "json" module: JavaScript Object Notation

      * The "plistlib" module: A Property-List Parser

      * ctypes Enhancements

      * Improved SSL Support

    * Deprecations and Removals

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes: Windows

      * Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X

      * Port-Specific Changes: IRIX

    * Porting to Python 2.6

    * Acknowledgements

  * What's New in Python 2.5

    * PEP 308: Conditional Expressions

    * PEP 309: Partial Function Application

    * PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1

    * PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports

    * PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts

    * PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally

    * PEP 342: New Generator Features

    * PEP 343: The 'with' statement

      * Writing Context Managers

      * The contextlib module

    * PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes

    * PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type

    * PEP 357: The '__index__' method

    * Other Language Changes

      * Interactive Interpreter Changes

      * Optimizations

    * New, Improved, and Removed Modules

      * The ctypes package

      * The ElementTree package

      * The hashlib package

      * The sqlite3 package

      * The wsgiref package

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Porting to Python 2.5

    * Acknowledgements

  * What's New in Python 2.4

    * PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects

    * PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers

    * PEP 289: Generator Expressions

    * PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions

    * PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods

    * PEP 322: Reverse Iteration

    * PEP 324: New subprocess Module

    * PEP 327: Decimal Data Type

      * Why is Decimal needed?

      * The "Decimal" type

      * The "Context" type

    * PEP 328: Multi-line Imports

    * PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions

    * Other Language Changes

      * Optimizations

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * cookielib

      * doctest

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Porting to Python 2.4

    * Acknowledgements

  * What's New in Python 2.3

    * PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype

    * PEP 255: Simple Generators

    * PEP 263: Source Code Encodings

    * PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives

    * PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT

    * PEP 278: Universal Newline Support

    * PEP 279: enumerate()

    * PEP 282: The logging Package

    * PEP 285: A Boolean Type

    * PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks

    * PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils

    * PEP 302: New Import Hooks

    * PEP 305: Comma-separated Files

    * PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements

    * Extended Slices

    * Other Language Changes

      * String Changes

      * Optimizations

    * New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules

      * Date/Time Type

      * The optparse Module

    * Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator

    * Build and C API Changes

      * Port-Specific Changes

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Porting to Python 2.3

    * Acknowledgements

  * What's New in Python 2.2

    * Introduction

    * PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes

      * Old and New Classes

      * Descriptors

      * Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule

      * Attribute Access

      * Related Links

    * PEP 234: Iterators

    * PEP 255: Simple Generators

    * PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers

    * PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator

    * Unicode Changes

    * PEP 227: Nested Scopes

    * New and Improved Modules

    * Interpreter Changes and Fixes

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Acknowledgements

  * What's New in Python 2.1

    * Introduction

    * PEP 227: Nested Scopes

    * PEP 236: __future__ Directives

    * PEP 207: Rich Comparisons

    * PEP 230: Warning Framework

    * PEP 229: New Build System

    * PEP 205: Weak References

    * PEP 232: Function Attributes

    * PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms

    * PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook

    * PEP 208: New Coercion Model

    * PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages

    * New and Improved Modules

    * Other Changes and Fixes

    * Acknowledgements

  * What's New in Python 2.0

    * Introduction

    * What About Python 1.6?

    * New Development Process

    * Unicode

    * List Comprehensions

    * Augmented Assignment

    * String Methods

    * Garbage Collection of Cycles

    * Other Core Changes

      * Minor Language Changes

      * Changes to Built-in Functions

    * Porting to 2.0

    * Extending/Embedding Changes

    * Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install

    * XML Modules

      * SAX2 Support

      * DOM Support

      * Relationship to PyXML

    * Module changes

    * New modules

    * IDLE Improvements

    * Deleted and Deprecated Modules

    * Acknowledgements

* The Python Tutorial

  * Whetting Your Appetite

  * Using the Python Interpreter

    * Invoking the Interpreter

      * Argument Passing

      * Interactive Mode

    * The Interpreter and Its Environment

      * Source Code Encoding

  * An Informal Introduction to Python

    * Using Python as a Calculator

      * Numbers

      * Strings

      * Unicode Strings

      * Lists

    * First Steps Towards Programming

  * More Control Flow Tools

    * "if" Statements

    * "for" Statements

    * The "range()" Function

    * "break" and "continue" Statements, and "else" Clauses on Loops

    * "pass" Statements

    * Defining Functions

    * More on Defining Functions

      * Default Argument Values

      * Keyword Arguments

      * Arbitrary Argument Lists

      * Unpacking Argument Lists

      * Lambda Expressions

      * Documentation Strings

    * Intermezzo: Coding Style

  * Data Structures

    * More on Lists

      * Using Lists as Stacks

      * Using Lists as Queues

      * Functional Programming Tools

      * List Comprehensions

        * Nested List Comprehensions

    * The "del" statement

    * Tuples and Sequences

    * Sets

    * Dictionaries

    * Looping Techniques

    * More on Conditions

    * Comparing Sequences and Other Types

  * Modules

    * More on Modules

      * Executing modules as scripts

      * The Module Search Path

      * "Compiled" Python files

    * Standard Modules

    * The "dir()" Function

    * Packages

      * Importing * From a Package

      * Intra-package References

      * Packages in Multiple Directories

  * Input and Output

    * Fancier Output Formatting

      * Old string formatting

    * Reading and Writing Files

      * Methods of File Objects

      * Saving structured data with "json"

  * Errors and Exceptions

    * Syntax Errors

    * Exceptions

    * Handling Exceptions

    * Raising Exceptions

    * User-defined Exceptions

    * Defining Clean-up Actions

    * Predefined Clean-up Actions

  * Classes

    * A Word About Names and Objects

    * Python Scopes and Namespaces

    * A First Look at Classes

      * Class Definition Syntax

      * Class Objects

      * Instance Objects

      * Method Objects

      * Class and Instance Variables

    * Random Remarks

    * Inheritance

      * Multiple Inheritance

    * Private Variables and Class-local References

    * Odds and Ends

    * Exceptions Are Classes Too

    * Iterators

    * Generators

    * Generator Expressions

  * Brief Tour of the Standard Library

    * Operating System Interface

    * File Wildcards

    * Command Line Arguments

    * Error Output Redirection and Program Termination

    * String Pattern Matching

    * Mathematics

    * Internet Access

    * Dates and Times

    * Data Compression

    * Performance Measurement

    * Quality Control

    * Batteries Included

  * Brief Tour of the Standard Library -- Part II

    * Output Formatting

    * Templating

    * Working with Binary Data Record Layouts

    * Multi-threading

    * Logging

    * Weak References

    * Tools for Working with Lists

    * Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic

  * What Now?

  * Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution

    * Line Editing

    * History Substitution

    * Key Bindings

    * Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter

  * Floating Point Arithmetic:  Issues and Limitations

    * Representation Error

  * Appendix

    * Interactive Mode

      * Error Handling

      * Executable Python Scripts

      * The Interactive Startup File

      * The Customization Modules

* Python Setup and Usage

  * Command line and environment

    * Command line

      * Interface options

      * Generic options

      * Miscellaneous options

      * Options you shouldn't use

    * Environment variables

      * Debug-mode variables

  * Using Python on Unix platforms

    * Getting and installing the latest version of Python

      * On Linux

      * On FreeBSD and OpenBSD

      * On OpenSolaris

    * Building Python

    * Python-related paths and files

    * Miscellaneous

    * Editors

  * Using Python on Windows

    * Installing Python

    * Alternative bundles

    * Configuring Python

      * Excursus: Setting environment variables

      * Finding the Python executable

      * Finding modules

      * Executing scripts

    * Additional modules

      * PyWin32

      * Py2exe

      * WConio

    * Compiling Python on Windows

    * Other resources

  * Using Python on a Macintosh

    * Getting and Installing MacPython

      * How to run a Python script

      * Running scripts with a GUI

      * Configuration

    * The IDE

    * Installing Additional Python Packages

    * GUI Programming on the Mac

    * Distributing Python Applications on the Mac

    * Other Resources

* The Python Language Reference

  * Introduction

    * Alternate Implementations

    * Notation

  * Lexical analysis

    * Line structure

      * Logical lines

      * Physical lines

      * Comments

      * Encoding declarations

      * Explicit line joining

      * Implicit line joining

      * Blank lines

      * Indentation

      * Whitespace between tokens

    * Other tokens

    * Identifiers and keywords

      * Keywords

      * Reserved classes of identifiers

    * Literals

      * String literals

      * String literal concatenation

      * Numeric literals

      * Integer and long integer literals

      * Floating point literals

      * Imaginary literals

    * Operators

    * Delimiters

  * Data model

    * Objects, values and types

    * The standard type hierarchy

    * New-style and classic classes

    * Special method names

      * Basic customization

      * Customizing attribute access

        * More attribute access for new-style classes

        * Implementing Descriptors

        * Invoking Descriptors

        * __slots__

      * Customizing class creation

      * Customizing instance and subclass checks

      * Emulating callable objects

      * Emulating container types

      * Additional methods for emulation of sequence types

      * Emulating numeric types

      * Coercion rules

      * With Statement Context Managers

      * Special method lookup for old-style classes

      * Special method lookup for new-style classes

  * Execution model

    * Naming and binding

      * Interaction with dynamic features

    * Exceptions

  * Expressions

    * Arithmetic conversions

    * Atoms

      * Identifiers (Names)

      * Literals

      * Parenthesized forms

      * List displays

      * Displays for sets and dictionaries

      * Generator expressions

      * Dictionary displays

      * Set displays

      * String conversions

      * Yield expressions

        * Generator-iterator methods

    * Primaries

      * Attribute references

      * Subscriptions

      * Slicings

      * Calls

    * The power operator

    * Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations

    * Binary arithmetic operations

    * Shifting operations

    * Binary bitwise operations

    * Comparisons

    * Boolean operations

    * Conditional Expressions

    * Lambdas

    * Expression lists

    * Evaluation order

    * Operator precedence

  * Simple statements

    * Expression statements

    * Assignment statements

      * Augmented assignment statements

    * The "assert" statement

    * The "pass" statement

    * The "del" statement

    * The "print" statement

    * The "return" statement

    * The "yield" statement

    * The "raise" statement

    * The "break" statement

    * The "continue" statement

    * The "import" statement

      * Future statements

    * The "global" statement

    * The "exec" statement

  * Compound statements

    * The "if" statement

    * The "while" statement

    * The "for" statement

    * The "try" statement

    * The "with" statement

    * Function definitions

    * Class definitions

  * Top-level components

    * Complete Python programs

    * File input

    * Interactive input

    * Expression input

  * Full Grammar specification

* The Python Standard Library

  * Introduction

  * Built-in Functions

  * Non-essential Built-in Functions

  * Built-in Constants

    * Constants added by the "site" module

  * Built-in Types

    * Truth Value Testing

    * Boolean Operations --- "and", "or", "not"

    * Comparisons

    * Numeric Types --- "int", "float", "long", "complex"

      * Bitwise Operations on Integer Types

      * Additional Methods on Integer Types

      * Additional Methods on Float

    * Iterator Types

      * Generator Types

    * Sequence Types --- "str", "unicode", "list", "tuple",
      "bytearray", "buffer", "xrange"

      * String Methods

      * String Formatting Operations

      * XRange Type

      * Mutable Sequence Types

    * Set Types --- "set", "frozenset"

    * Mapping Types --- "dict"

      * Dictionary view objects

    * File Objects

    * memoryview type

    * Context Manager Types

    * Other Built-in Types

      * Modules

      * Classes and Class Instances

      * Functions

      * Methods

      * Code Objects

      * Type Objects

      * The Null Object

      * The Ellipsis Object

      * The NotImplemented Object

      * Boolean Values

      * Internal Objects

    * Special Attributes

  * Built-in Exceptions

    * Exception hierarchy

  * String Services

    * "string" --- Common string operations

      * String constants

      * Custom String Formatting

      * Format String Syntax

        * Format Specification Mini-Language

        * Format examples

      * Template strings

      * String functions

      * Deprecated string functions

    * "re" --- Regular expression operations

      * Regular Expression Syntax

      * Module Contents

      * Regular Expression Objects

      * Match Objects

      * Examples

        * Checking For a Pair

        * Simulating scanf()

        * search() vs. match()

        * Making a Phonebook

        * Text Munging

        * Finding all Adverbs

        * Finding all Adverbs and their Positions

        * Raw String Notation

    * "struct" --- Interpret strings as packed binary data

      * Functions and Exceptions

      * Format Strings

        * Byte Order, Size, and Alignment

        * Format Characters

        * Examples

      * Classes

    * "difflib" --- Helpers for computing deltas

      * SequenceMatcher Objects

      * SequenceMatcher Examples

      * Differ Objects

      * Differ Example

      * A command-line interface to difflib

    * "StringIO" --- Read and write strings as files

    * "cStringIO" --- Faster version of "StringIO"

    * "textwrap" --- Text wrapping and filling

    * "codecs" --- Codec registry and base classes

      * Codec Base Classes

        * Codec Objects

        * IncrementalEncoder Objects

        * IncrementalDecoder Objects

        * StreamWriter Objects

        * StreamReader Objects

        * StreamReaderWriter Objects

        * StreamRecoder Objects

      * Encodings and Unicode

      * Standard Encodings

      * Python Specific Encodings

      * "encodings.idna" --- Internationalized Domain Names in
        Applications

      * "encodings.utf_8_sig" --- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature

    * "unicodedata" --- Unicode Database

    * "stringprep" --- Internet String Preparation

    * "fpformat" --- Floating point conversions

  * Data Types

    * "datetime" --- Basic date and time types

      * Available Types

      * "timedelta" Objects

      * "date" Objects

      * "datetime" Objects

      * "time" Objects

      * "tzinfo" Objects

      * "strftime()" and "strptime()" Behavior

    * "calendar" --- General calendar-related functions

    * "collections" --- High-performance container datatypes

      * "Counter" objects

      * "deque" objects

        * "deque" Recipes

      * "defaultdict" objects

        * "defaultdict" Examples

      * "namedtuple()" Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields

      * "OrderedDict" objects

        * "OrderedDict" Examples and Recipes

      * Collections Abstract Base Classes

    * "heapq" --- Heap queue algorithm

      * Basic Examples

      * Priority Queue Implementation Notes

      * Theory

    * "bisect" --- Array bisection algorithm

      * Searching Sorted Lists

      * Other Examples

    * "array" --- Efficient arrays of numeric values

    * "sets" --- Unordered collections of unique elements

      * Set Objects

      * Example

      * Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable

      * Comparison to the built-in "set" types

    * "sched" --- Event scheduler

      * Scheduler Objects

    * "mutex" --- Mutual exclusion support

      * Mutex Objects

    * "Queue" --- A synchronized queue class

      * Queue Objects

    * "weakref" --- Weak references

      * Weak Reference Objects

      * Example

    * "UserDict" --- Class wrapper for dictionary objects

    * "UserList" --- Class wrapper for list objects

    * "UserString" --- Class wrapper for string objects

    * "types" --- Names for built-in types

    * "new" --- Creation of runtime internal objects

    * "copy" --- Shallow and deep copy operations

    * "pprint" --- Data pretty printer

      * PrettyPrinter Objects

      * pprint Example

    * "repr" --- Alternate "repr()" implementation

      * Repr Objects

      * Subclassing Repr Objects

  * Numeric and Mathematical Modules

    * "numbers" --- Numeric abstract base classes

      * The numeric tower

      * Notes for type implementors

        * Adding More Numeric ABCs

        * Implementing the arithmetic operations

    * "math" --- Mathematical functions

      * Number-theoretic and representation functions

      * Power and logarithmic functions

      * Trigonometric functions

      * Angular conversion

      * Hyperbolic functions

      * Special functions

      * Constants

    * "cmath" --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers

      * Conversions to and from polar coordinates

      * Power and logarithmic functions

      * Trigonometric functions

      * Hyperbolic functions

      * Classification functions

      * Constants

    * "decimal" --- Decimal fixed point and floating point
      arithmetic

      * Quick-start Tutorial

      * Decimal objects

        * Logical operands

      * Context objects

      * Signals

      * Floating Point Notes

        * Mitigating round-off error with increased precision

        * Special values

      * Working with threads

      * Recipes

      * Decimal FAQ

    * "fractions" --- Rational numbers

    * "random" --- Generate pseudo-random numbers

    * "itertools" --- Functions creating iterators for efficient
      looping

      * Itertool functions

      * Recipes

    * "functools" --- Higher-order functions and operations on
      callable objects

      * "partial" Objects

    * "operator" --- Standard operators as functions

      * Mapping Operators to Functions

  * File and Directory Access

    * "os.path" --- Common pathname manipulations

    * "fileinput" --- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams

    * "stat" --- Interpreting "stat()" results

    * "statvfs" --- Constants used with "os.statvfs()"

    * "filecmp" --- File and Directory Comparisons

      * The "dircmp" class

    * "tempfile" --- Generate temporary files and directories

    * "glob" --- Unix style pathname pattern expansion

    * "fnmatch" --- Unix filename pattern matching

    * "linecache" --- Random access to text lines

    * "shutil" --- High-level file operations

      * Directory and files operations

        * copytree example

      * Archiving operations

        * Archiving example

    * "dircache" --- Cached directory listings

    * "macpath" --- Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions

  * Data Persistence

    * "pickle" --- Python object serialization

      * Relationship to other Python modules

      * Data stream format

      * Usage

      * What can be pickled and unpickled?

      * The pickle protocol

        * Pickling and unpickling normal class instances

        * Pickling and unpickling extension types

        * Pickling and unpickling external objects

      * Subclassing Unpicklers

      * Example

    * "cPickle" --- A faster "pickle"

    * "copy_reg" --- Register "pickle" support functions

      * Example

    * "shelve" --- Python object persistence

      * Restrictions

      * Example

    * "marshal" --- Internal Python object serialization

    * "anydbm" --- Generic access to DBM-style databases

    * "whichdb" --- Guess which DBM module created a database

    * "dbm" --- Simple "database" interface

    * "gdbm" --- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm

    * "dbhash" --- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library

      * Database Objects

    * "bsddb" --- Interface to Berkeley DB library

      * Hash, BTree and Record Objects

    * "dumbdbm" --- Portable DBM implementation

      * Dumbdbm Objects

    * "sqlite3" --- DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases

      * Module functions and constants

      * Connection Objects

      * Cursor Objects

      * Row Objects

      * SQLite and Python types

        * Introduction

        * Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite
          databases

          * Letting your object adapt itself

          * Registering an adapter callable

        * Converting SQLite values to custom Python types

        * Default adapters and converters

      * Controlling Transactions

      * Using "sqlite3" efficiently

        * Using shortcut methods

        * Accessing columns by name instead of by index

        * Using the connection as a context manager

      * Common issues

        * Multithreading

  * Data Compression and Archiving

    * "zlib" --- Compression compatible with **gzip**

    * "gzip" --- Support for **gzip** files

      * Examples of usage

    * "bz2" --- Compression compatible with **bzip2**

      * (De)compression of files

      * Sequential (de)compression

      * One-shot (de)compression

    * "zipfile" --- Work with ZIP archives

      * ZipFile Objects

      * PyZipFile Objects

      * ZipInfo Objects

      * Command-Line Interface

        * Command-line options

    * "tarfile" --- Read and write tar archive files

      * TarFile Objects

      * TarInfo Objects

      * Examples

      * Supported tar formats

      * Unicode issues

  * File Formats

    * "csv" --- CSV File Reading and Writing

      * Module Contents

      * Dialects and Formatting Parameters

      * Reader Objects

      * Writer Objects

      * Examples

    * "ConfigParser" --- Configuration file parser

      * RawConfigParser Objects

      * ConfigParser Objects

      * SafeConfigParser Objects

      * Examples

    * "robotparser" ---  Parser for robots.txt

    * "netrc" --- netrc file processing

      * netrc Objects

    * "xdrlib" --- Encode and decode XDR data

      * Packer Objects

      * Unpacker Objects

      * Exceptions

    * "plistlib" --- Generate and parse Mac OS X ".plist" files

      * Examples

  * Cryptographic Services

    * "hashlib" --- Secure hashes and message digests

      * Key derivation

    * "hmac" --- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication

    * "md5" --- MD5 message digest algorithm

    * "sha" --- SHA-1 message digest algorithm

  * Generic Operating System Services

    * "os" --- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces

      * Process Parameters

      * File Object Creation

      * File Descriptor Operations

        * "open()" flag constants

      * Files and Directories

      * Process Management

      * Miscellaneous System Information

      * Miscellaneous Functions

    * "io" --- Core tools for working with streams

      * Module Interface

      * I/O Base Classes

      * Raw File I/O

      * Buffered Streams

      * Text I/O

      * Advanced topics

        * Performance

          * Binary I/O

          * Text I/O

        * Multi-threading

        * Reentrancy

    * "time" --- Time access and conversions

    * "argparse" --- Parser for command-line options, arguments and
      sub-commands

      * Example

        * Creating a parser

        * Adding arguments

        * Parsing arguments

      * ArgumentParser objects

        * prog

        * usage

        * description

        * epilog

        * parents

        * formatter_class

        * prefix_chars

        * fromfile_prefix_chars

        * argument_default

        * conflict_handler

        * add_help

      * The add_argument() method

        * name or flags

        * action

        * nargs

        * const

        * default

        * type

        * choices

        * required

        * help

        * metavar

        * dest

        * Action classes

      * The parse_args() method

        * Option value syntax

        * Invalid arguments

        * Arguments containing "-"

        * Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)

        * Beyond "sys.argv"

        * The Namespace object

      * Other utilities

        * Sub-commands

        * FileType objects

        * Argument groups

        * Mutual exclusion

        * Parser defaults

        * Printing help

        * Partial parsing

        * Customizing file parsing

        * Exiting methods

      * Upgrading optparse code

    * "optparse" --- Parser for command line options

      * Background

        * Terminology

        * What are options for?

        * What are positional arguments for?

      * Tutorial

        * Understanding option actions

        * The store action

        * Handling boolean (flag) options

        * Other actions

        * Default values

        * Generating help

          * Grouping Options

        * Printing a version string

        * How "optparse" handles errors

        * Putting it all together

      * Reference Guide

        * Creating the parser

        * Populating the parser

        * Defining options

        * Option attributes

        * Standard option actions

        * Standard option types

        * Parsing arguments

        * Querying and manipulating your option parser

        * Conflicts between options

        * Cleanup

        * Other methods

      * Option Callbacks

        * Defining a callback option

        * How callbacks are called

        * Raising errors in a callback

        * Callback example 1: trivial callback

        * Callback example 2: check option order

        * Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)

        * Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition

        * Callback example 5: fixed arguments

        * Callback example 6: variable arguments

      * Extending "optparse"

        * Adding new types

        * Adding new actions

    * "getopt" --- C-style parser for command line options

    * "logging" --- Logging facility for Python

      * Logger Objects

      * Logging Levels

      * Handler Objects

      * Formatter Objects

      * Filter Objects

      * LogRecord Objects

      * LogRecord attributes

      * LoggerAdapter Objects

      * Thread Safety

      * Module-Level Functions

      * Integration with the warnings module

    * "logging.config" --- Logging configuration

      * Configuration functions

      * Configuration dictionary schema

        * Dictionary Schema Details

        * Incremental Configuration

        * Object connections

        * User-defined objects

        * Access to external objects

        * Access to internal objects

        * Import resolution and custom importers

      * Configuration file format

    * "logging.handlers" --- Logging handlers

      * StreamHandler

      * FileHandler

      * NullHandler

      * WatchedFileHandler

      * RotatingFileHandler

      * TimedRotatingFileHandler

      * SocketHandler

      * DatagramHandler

      * SysLogHandler

      * NTEventLogHandler

      * SMTPHandler

      * MemoryHandler

      * HTTPHandler

    * "getpass" --- Portable password input

    * "curses" --- Terminal handling for character-cell displays

      * Functions

      * Window Objects

      * Constants

    * "curses.textpad" --- Text input widget for curses programs

      * Textbox objects

    * "curses.ascii" --- Utilities for ASCII characters

    * "curses.panel" --- A panel stack extension for curses

      * Functions

      * Panel Objects

    * "platform" ---  Access to underlying platform's identifying
      data

      * Cross Platform

      * Java Platform

      * Windows Platform

        * Win95/98 specific

      * Mac OS Platform

      * Unix Platforms

    * "errno" --- Standard errno system symbols

    * "ctypes" --- A foreign function library for Python

      * ctypes tutorial

        * Loading dynamic link libraries

        * Accessing functions from loaded dlls

        * Calling functions

        * Fundamental data types

        * Calling functions, continued

        * Calling functions with your own custom data types

        * Specifying the required argument types (function
          prototypes)

        * Return types

        * Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)

        * Structures and unions

        * Structure/union alignment and byte order

        * Bit fields in structures and unions

        * Arrays

        * Pointers

        * Type conversions

        * Incomplete Types

        * Callback functions

        * Accessing values exported from dlls

        * Surprises

        * Variable-sized data types

      * ctypes reference

        * Finding shared libraries

        * Loading shared libraries

        * Foreign functions

        * Function prototypes

        * Utility functions

        * Data types

        * Fundamental data types

        * Structured data types

        * Arrays and pointers

  * Optional Operating System Services

    * "select" --- Waiting for I/O completion

      * Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects

      * Polling Objects

      * Kqueue Objects

      * Kevent Objects

    * "threading" --- Higher-level threading interface

      * Thread Objects

      * Lock Objects

      * RLock Objects

      * Condition Objects

      * Semaphore Objects

        * "Semaphore" Example

      * Event Objects

      * Timer Objects

      * Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the "with"
        statement

      * Importing in threaded code

    * "thread" --- Multiple threads of control

    * "dummy_threading" --- Drop-in replacement for the "threading"
      module

    * "dummy_thread" --- Drop-in replacement for the "thread" module

    * "multiprocessing" --- Process-based "threading" interface

      * Introduction

        * The "Process" class

        * Exchanging objects between processes

        * Synchronization between processes

        * Sharing state between processes

        * Using a pool of workers

      * Reference

        * "Process" and exceptions

        * Pipes and Queues

        * Miscellaneous

        * Connection Objects

        * Synchronization primitives

        * Shared "ctypes" Objects

          * The "multiprocessing.sharedctypes" module

        * Managers

          * Customized managers

          * Using a remote manager

        * Proxy Objects

          * Cleanup

        * Process Pools

        * Listeners and Clients

          * Address Formats

        * Authentication keys

        * Logging

        * The "multiprocessing.dummy" module

      * Programming guidelines

        * All platforms

        * Windows

      * Examples

    * "mmap" --- Memory-mapped file support

    * "readline" --- GNU readline interface

      * Init file

      * Line buffer

      * History file

      * History list

      * Startup hooks

      * Completion

      * Example

    * "rlcompleter" --- Completion function for GNU readline

      * Completer Objects

  * Interprocess Communication and Networking

    * "subprocess" --- Subprocess management

      * Using the "subprocess" Module

        * Frequently Used Arguments

        * Popen Constructor

        * Exceptions

        * Security

      * Popen Objects

      * Windows Popen Helpers

        * Constants

      * Replacing Older Functions with the "subprocess" Module

        * Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote

        * Replacing shell pipeline

        * Replacing "os.system()"

        * Replacing the "os.spawn" family

        * Replacing "os.popen()", "os.popen2()", "os.popen3()"

        * Replacing functions from the "popen2" module

      * Notes

        * Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows

    * "socket" --- Low-level networking interface

      * Socket Objects

      * Example

    * "ssl" --- TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects

      * Functions, Constants, and Exceptions

        * Socket creation

        * Context creation

        * Random generation

        * Certificate handling

        * Constants

      * SSL Sockets

      * SSL Contexts

      * Certificates

        * Certificate chains

        * CA certificates

        * Combined key and certificate

        * Self-signed certificates

      * Examples

        * Testing for SSL support

        * Client-side operation

        * Server-side operation

      * Notes on non-blocking sockets

      * Security considerations

        * Best defaults

        * Manual settings

          * Verifying certificates

          * Protocol versions

          * Cipher selection

        * Multi-processing

    * "signal" --- Set handlers for asynchronous events

      * Example

    * "popen2" --- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams

      * Popen3 and Popen4 Objects

      * Flow Control Issues

    * "asyncore" --- Asynchronous socket handler

      * asyncore Example basic HTTP client

      * asyncore Example basic echo server

    * "asynchat" --- Asynchronous socket command/response handler

      * asynchat - Auxiliary Classes

      * asynchat Example

  * Internet Data Handling

    * "email" --- An email and MIME handling package

      * "email.message": Representing an email message

      * "email.parser": Parsing email messages

        * FeedParser API

        * Parser class API

        * Additional notes

      * "email.generator": Generating MIME documents

      * "email.mime": Creating email and MIME objects from scratch

      * "email.header": Internationalized headers

      * "email.charset": Representing character sets

      * "email.encoders": Encoders

      * "email.errors": Exception and Defect classes

      * "email.utils": Miscellaneous utilities

      * "email.iterators": Iterators

      * "email": Examples

      * Package History

      * Differences from "mimelib"

    * "json" --- JSON encoder and decoder

      * Basic Usage

      * Encoders and Decoders

      * Standard Compliance and Interoperability

        * Character Encodings

        * Infinite and NaN Number Values

        * Repeated Names Within an Object

        * Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values

        * Implementation Limitations

    * "mailcap" --- Mailcap file handling

    * "mailbox" --- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats

      * "Mailbox" objects

        * "Maildir"

        * "mbox"

        * "MH"

        * "Babyl"

        * "MMDF"

      * "Message" objects

        * "MaildirMessage"

        * "mboxMessage"

        * "MHMessage"

        * "BabylMessage"

        * "MMDFMessage"

      * Exceptions

      * Deprecated classes and methods

      * Examples

    * "mhlib" --- Access to MH mailboxes

      * MH Objects

      * Folder Objects

      * Message Objects

    * "mimetools" --- Tools for parsing MIME messages

      * Additional Methods of Message Objects

    * "mimetypes" --- Map filenames to MIME types

      * MimeTypes Objects

    * "MimeWriter" --- Generic MIME file writer

      * MimeWriter Objects

    * "mimify" --- MIME processing of mail messages

    * "multifile" --- Support for files containing distinct parts

      * MultiFile Objects

      * "MultiFile" Example

    * "rfc822" --- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers

      * Message Objects

      * AddressList Objects

    * "base64" --- RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings

    * "binhex" --- Encode and decode binhex4 files

      * Notes

    * "binascii" --- Convert between binary and ASCII

    * "quopri" --- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data

    * "uu" --- Encode and decode uuencode files

  * Structured Markup Processing Tools

    * "HTMLParser" --- Simple HTML and XHTML parser

      * Example HTML Parser Application

      * "HTMLParser" Methods

      * Examples

    * "sgmllib" --- Simple SGML parser

    * "htmllib" --- A parser for HTML documents

      * HTMLParser Objects

    * "htmlentitydefs" --- Definitions of HTML general entities

    * XML Processing Modules

    * XML vulnerabilities

      * defused packages

    * "xml.etree.ElementTree" --- The ElementTree XML API

      * Tutorial

        * XML tree and elements

        * Parsing XML

        * Finding interesting elements

        * Modifying an XML File

        * Building XML documents

        * Parsing XML with Namespaces

        * Additional resources

      * XPath support

        * Example

        * Supported XPath syntax

      * Reference

        * Functions

        * Element Objects

        * ElementTree Objects

        * QName Objects

        * TreeBuilder Objects

        * XMLParser Objects

    * "xml.dom" --- The Document Object Model API

      * Module Contents

      * Objects in the DOM

        * DOMImplementation Objects

        * Node Objects

        * NodeList Objects

        * DocumentType Objects

        * Document Objects

        * Element Objects

        * Attr Objects

        * NamedNodeMap Objects

        * Comment Objects

        * Text and CDATASection Objects

        * ProcessingInstruction Objects

        * Exceptions

      * Conformance

        * Type Mapping

        * Accessor Methods

    * "xml.dom.minidom" --- Minimal DOM implementation

      * DOM Objects

      * DOM Example

      * minidom and the DOM standard

    * "xml.dom.pulldom" --- Support for building partial DOM trees

      * DOMEventStream Objects

    * "xml.sax" --- Support for SAX2 parsers

      * SAXException Objects

    * "xml.sax.handler" --- Base classes for SAX handlers

      * ContentHandler Objects

      * DTDHandler Objects

      * EntityResolver Objects

      * ErrorHandler Objects

    * "xml.sax.saxutils" --- SAX Utilities

    * "xml.sax.xmlreader" --- Interface for XML parsers

      * XMLReader Objects

      * IncrementalParser Objects

      * Locator Objects

      * InputSource Objects

      * The "Attributes" Interface

      * The "AttributesNS" Interface

    * "xml.parsers.expat" --- Fast XML parsing using Expat

      * XMLParser Objects

      * ExpatError Exceptions

      * Example

      * Content Model Descriptions

      * Expat error constants

  * Internet Protocols and Support

    * "webbrowser" --- Convenient Web-browser controller

      * Browser Controller Objects

    * "cgi" --- Common Gateway Interface support

      * Introduction

      * Using the cgi module

      * Higher Level Interface

      * Old classes

      * Functions

      * Caring about security

      * Installing your CGI script on a Unix system

      * Testing your CGI script

      * Debugging CGI scripts

      * Common problems and solutions

    * "cgitb" --- Traceback manager for CGI scripts

    * "wsgiref" --- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation

      * "wsgiref.util" -- WSGI environment utilities

      * "wsgiref.headers" -- WSGI response header tools

      * "wsgiref.simple_server" -- a simple WSGI HTTP server

      * "wsgiref.validate" --- WSGI conformance checker

      * "wsgiref.handlers" -- server/gateway base classes

      * Examples

    * "urllib" --- Open arbitrary resources by URL

      * High-level interface

      * Utility functions

      * URL Opener objects

      * "urllib" Restrictions

      * Examples

    * "urllib2" --- extensible library for opening URLs

      * Request Objects

      * OpenerDirector Objects

      * BaseHandler Objects

      * HTTPRedirectHandler Objects

      * HTTPCookieProcessor Objects

      * ProxyHandler Objects

      * HTTPPasswordMgr Objects

      * AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects

      * HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects

      * ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects

      * AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects

      * HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects

      * ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects

      * HTTPHandler Objects

      * HTTPSHandler Objects

      * FileHandler Objects

      * FTPHandler Objects

      * CacheFTPHandler Objects

      * UnknownHandler Objects

      * HTTPErrorProcessor Objects

      * Examples

    * "httplib" --- HTTP protocol client

      * HTTPConnection Objects

      * HTTPResponse Objects

      * Examples

    * "ftplib" --- FTP protocol client

      * FTP Objects

      * FTP_TLS Objects

    * "poplib" --- POP3 protocol client

      * POP3 Objects

      * POP3 Example

    * "imaplib" --- IMAP4 protocol client

      * IMAP4 Objects

      * IMAP4 Example

    * "nntplib" --- NNTP protocol client

      * NNTP Objects

    * "smtplib" --- SMTP protocol client

      * SMTP Objects

      * SMTP Example

    * "smtpd" --- SMTP Server

      * SMTPServer Objects

      * DebuggingServer Objects

      * PureProxy Objects

      * MailmanProxy Objects

    * "telnetlib" --- Telnet client

      * Telnet Objects

      * Telnet Example

    * "uuid" --- UUID objects according to RFC 4122

      * Example

    * "urlparse" --- Parse URLs into components

      * Results of "urlparse()" and "urlsplit()"

    * "SocketServer" --- A framework for network servers

      * Server Creation Notes

      * Server Objects

      * Request Handler Objects

      * Examples

        * "SocketServer.TCPServer" Example

        * "SocketServer.UDPServer" Example

        * Asynchronous Mixins

    * "BaseHTTPServer" --- Basic HTTP server

      * More examples

    * "SimpleHTTPServer" --- Simple HTTP request handler

    * "CGIHTTPServer" --- CGI-capable HTTP request handler

    * "cookielib" --- Cookie handling for HTTP clients

      * CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects

      * FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers

      * CookiePolicy Objects

      * DefaultCookiePolicy Objects

      * Cookie Objects

      * Examples

    * "Cookie" --- HTTP state management

      * Cookie Objects

      * Morsel Objects

      * Example

    * "xmlrpclib" --- XML-RPC client access

      * ServerProxy Objects

      * Boolean Objects

      * DateTime Objects

      * Binary Objects

      * Fault Objects

      * ProtocolError Objects

      * MultiCall Objects

      * Convenience Functions

      * Example of Client Usage

      * Example of Client and Server Usage

    * "SimpleXMLRPCServer" --- Basic XML-RPC server

      * SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects

        * SimpleXMLRPCServer Example

      * CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

    * "DocXMLRPCServer" --- Self-documenting XML-RPC server

      * DocXMLRPCServer Objects

      * DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

  * Multimedia Services

    * "audioop" --- Manipulate raw audio data

    * "imageop" --- Manipulate raw image data

    * "aifc" --- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files

    * "sunau" --- Read and write Sun AU files

      * AU_read Objects

      * AU_write Objects

    * "wave" --- Read and write WAV files

      * Wave_read Objects

      * Wave_write Objects

    * "chunk" --- Read IFF chunked data

    * "colorsys" --- Conversions between color systems

    * "imghdr" --- Determine the type of an image

    * "sndhdr" --- Determine type of sound file

    * "ossaudiodev" --- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices

      * Audio Device Objects

      * Mixer Device Objects

  * Internationalization

    * "gettext" --- Multilingual internationalization services

      * GNU **gettext** API

      * Class-based API

        * The "NullTranslations" class

        * The "GNUTranslations" class

        * Solaris message catalog support

        * The Catalog constructor

      * Internationalizing your programs and modules

        * Localizing your module

        * Localizing your application

        * Changing languages on the fly

        * Deferred translations

        * "gettext()" vs. "lgettext()"

      * Acknowledgements

    * "locale" --- Internationalization services

      * Background, details, hints, tips and caveats

      * For extension writers and programs that embed Python

      * Access to message catalogs

  * Program Frameworks

    * "cmd" --- Support for line-oriented command interpreters

      * Cmd Objects

    * "shlex" --- Simple lexical analysis

      * shlex Objects

      * Parsing Rules

  * Graphical User Interfaces with Tk

    * "Tkinter" --- Python interface to Tcl/Tk

      * Tkinter Modules

      * Tkinter Life Preserver

        * How To Use This Section

        * A Simple Hello World Program

      * A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk

      * Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter

      * How Tk and Tkinter are Related

      * Handy Reference

        * Setting Options

        * The Packer

        * Packer Options

        * Coupling Widget Variables

        * The Window Manager

        * Tk Option Data Types

        * Bindings and Events

        * The index Parameter

        * Images

      * File Handlers

    * "ttk" --- Tk themed widgets

      * Using Ttk

      * Ttk Widgets

      * Widget

        * Standard Options

        * Scrollable Widget Options

        * Label Options

        * Compatibility Options

        * Widget States

        * ttk.Widget

      * Combobox

        * Options

        * Virtual events

        * ttk.Combobox

      * Notebook

        * Options

        * Tab Options

        * Tab Identifiers

        * Virtual Events

        * ttk.Notebook

      * Progressbar

        * Options

        * ttk.Progressbar

      * Separator

        * Options

      * Sizegrip

        * Platform-specific notes

        * Bugs

      * Treeview

        * Options

        * Item Options

        * Tag Options

        * Column Identifiers

        * Virtual Events

        * ttk.Treeview

      * Ttk Styling

        * Layouts

    * "Tix" --- Extension widgets for Tk

      * Using Tix

      * Tix Widgets

        * Basic Widgets

        * File Selectors

        * Hierarchical ListBox

        * Tabular ListBox

        * Manager Widgets

        * Image Types

        * Miscellaneous Widgets

        * Form Geometry Manager

      * Tix Commands

    * "ScrolledText" --- Scrolled Text Widget

    * "turtle" --- Turtle graphics for Tk

      * Introduction

      * Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods

        * Turtle methods

        * Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen

      * Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions

        * Turtle motion

        * Tell Turtle's state

        * Settings for measurement

        * Pen control

          * Drawing state

          * Color control

          * Filling

          * More drawing control

        * Turtle state

          * Visibility

          * Appearance

        * Using events

        * Special Turtle methods

        * Excursus about the use of compound shapes

      * Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions

        * Window control

        * Animation control

        * Using screen events

        * Settings and special methods

        * Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from
          TurtleScreen

      * The public classes of the module "turtle"

      * Help and configuration

        * How to use help

        * Translation of docstrings into different languages

        * How to configure Screen and Turtles

      * Demo scripts

    * IDLE

      * Menus

        * File menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Edit menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Format menu (Editor window only)

        * Run menu (Editor window only)

        * Shell menu (Shell window only)

        * Debug menu (Shell window only)

        * Options menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Window menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Help menu (Shell and Editor)

        * Context Menus

      * Editing and navigation

        * Automatic indentation

        * Completions

        * Calltips

        * Python Shell window

        * Text colors

      * Startup and code execution

        * Command line usage

        * IDLE-console differences

        * Running without a subprocess

      * Help and preferences

        * Additional help sources

        * Setting preferences

        * Extensions

    * Other Graphical User Interface Packages

  * Development Tools

    * "pydoc" --- Documentation generator and online help system

    * "doctest" --- Test interactive Python examples

      * Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings

      * Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File

      * How It Works

        * Which Docstrings Are Examined?

        * How are Docstring Examples Recognized?

        * What's the Execution Context?

        * What About Exceptions?

        * Option Flags

        * Directives

        * Warnings

      * Basic API

      * Unittest API

      * Advanced API

        * DocTest Objects

        * Example Objects

        * DocTestFinder objects

        * DocTestParser objects

        * DocTestRunner objects

        * OutputChecker objects

      * Debugging

      * Soapbox

    * "unittest" --- Unit testing framework

      * Basic example

      * Command-Line Interface

        * Command-line options

      * Test Discovery

      * Organizing test code

      * Re-using old test code

      * Skipping tests and expected failures

      * Classes and functions

        * Test cases

          * Deprecated aliases

        * Grouping tests

        * Loading and running tests

          * load_tests Protocol

      * Class and Module Fixtures

        * setUpClass and tearDownClass

        * setUpModule and tearDownModule

      * Signal Handling

    * 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation

      * Using 2to3

      * Fixers

      * "lib2to3" - 2to3's library

    * "test" --- Regression tests package for Python

      * Writing Unit Tests for the "test" package

      * Running tests using the command-line interface

    * "test.test_support" --- Utility functions for tests

  * Debugging and Profiling

    * "bdb" --- Debugger framework

    * "pdb" --- The Python Debugger

    * Debugger Commands

    * The Python Profilers

      * Introduction to the profilers

      * Instant User's Manual

      * "profile" and "cProfile" Module Reference

      * The "Stats" Class

      * What Is Deterministic Profiling?

      * Limitations

      * Calibration

      * Using a custom timer

    * "hotshot" --- High performance logging profiler

      * Profile Objects

      * Using hotshot data

      * Example Usage

    * "timeit" --- Measure execution time of small code snippets

      * Basic Examples

      * Python Interface

      * Command-Line Interface

      * Examples

    * "trace" --- Trace or track Python statement execution

      * Command-Line Usage

        * Main options

        * Modifiers

        * Filters

      * Programmatic Interface

  * Software Packaging and Distribution

    * "distutils" --- Building and installing Python modules

    * "ensurepip" --- Bootstrapping the "pip" installer

      * Command line interface

      * Module API

  * Python Runtime Services

    * "sys" --- System-specific parameters and functions

    * "sysconfig" --- Provide access to Python's configuration
      information

      * Configuration variables

      * Installation paths

      * Other functions

    * "__builtin__" --- Built-in objects

    * "future_builtins" --- Python 3 builtins

    * "__main__" --- Top-level script environment

    * "warnings" --- Warning control

      * Warning Categories

      * The Warnings Filter

        * Default Warning Filters

      * Temporarily Suppressing Warnings

      * Testing Warnings

      * Updating Code For New Versions of Python

      * Available Functions

      * Available Context Managers

    * "contextlib" --- Utilities for "with"-statement contexts

    * "abc" --- Abstract Base Classes

    * "atexit" --- Exit handlers

      * "atexit" Example

    * "traceback" --- Print or retrieve a stack traceback

      * Traceback Examples

    * "__future__" --- Future statement definitions

    * "gc" --- Garbage Collector interface

    * "inspect" --- Inspect live objects

      * Types and members

      * Retrieving source code

      * Classes and functions

      * The interpreter stack

    * "site" --- Site-specific configuration hook

    * "user" --- User-specific configuration hook

    * "fpectl" --- Floating point exception control

      * Example

      * Limitations and other considerations

  * Custom Python Interpreters

    * "code" --- Interpreter base classes

      * Interactive Interpreter Objects

      * Interactive Console Objects

    * "codeop" --- Compile Python code

  * Restricted Execution

    * "rexec" --- Restricted execution framework

      * RExec Objects

      * Defining restricted environments

      * An example

    * "Bastion" --- Restricting access to objects

  * Importing Modules

    * "imp" --- Access the "import" internals

      * Examples

    * "importlib" -- Convenience wrappers for "__import__()"

    * "imputil" --- Import utilities

      * Examples

    * "zipimport" --- Import modules from Zip archives

      * zipimporter Objects

      * Examples

    * "pkgutil" --- Package extension utility

    * "modulefinder" --- Find modules used by a script

      * Example usage of "ModuleFinder"

    * "runpy" --- Locating and executing Python modules

  * Python Language Services

    * "parser" --- Access Python parse trees

      * Creating ST Objects

      * Converting ST Objects

      * Queries on ST Objects

      * Exceptions and Error Handling

      * ST Objects

      * Example: Emulation of "compile()"

    * "ast" --- Abstract Syntax Trees

      * Node classes

      * Abstract Grammar

      * "ast" Helpers

    * "symtable" --- Access to the compiler's symbol tables

      * Generating Symbol Tables

      * Examining Symbol Tables

    * "symbol" --- Constants used with Python parse trees

    * "token" --- Constants used with Python parse trees

    * "keyword" --- Testing for Python keywords

    * "tokenize" --- Tokenizer for Python source

    * "tabnanny" --- Detection of ambiguous indentation

    * "pyclbr" --- Python class browser support

      * Class Objects

      * Function Objects

    * "py_compile" --- Compile Python source files

    * "compileall" --- Byte-compile Python libraries

      * Command-line use

      * Public functions

    * "dis" --- Disassembler for Python bytecode

      * Python Bytecode Instructions

    * "pickletools" --- Tools for pickle developers

  * Python compiler package

    * The basic interface

    * Limitations

    * Python Abstract Syntax

      * AST Nodes

      * Assignment nodes

      * Examples

    * Using Visitors to Walk ASTs

    * Bytecode Generation

  * Miscellaneous Services

    * "formatter" --- Generic output formatting

      * The Formatter Interface

      * Formatter Implementations

      * The Writer Interface

      * Writer Implementations

  * MS Windows Specific Services

    * "msilib" --- Read and write Microsoft Installer files

      * Database Objects

      * View Objects

      * Summary Information Objects

      * Record Objects

      * Errors

      * CAB Objects

      * Directory Objects

      * Features

      * GUI classes

      * Precomputed tables

    * "msvcrt" -- Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime

      * File Operations

      * Console I/O

      * Other Functions

    * "_winreg" -- Windows registry access

      * Constants

        * HKEY_* Constants

        * Access Rights

          * 64-bit Specific

        * Value Types

      * Registry Handle Objects

    * "winsound" --- Sound-playing interface for Windows

  * Unix Specific Services

    * "posix" --- The most common POSIX system calls

      * Large File Support

      * Notable Module Contents

    * "pwd" --- The password database

    * "spwd" --- The shadow password database

    * "grp" --- The group database

    * "crypt" --- Function to check Unix passwords

    * "dl" --- Call C functions in shared objects

      * Dl Objects

    * "termios" --- POSIX style tty control

      * Example

    * "tty" --- Terminal control functions

    * "pty" --- Pseudo-terminal utilities

    * "fcntl" --- The "fcntl" and "ioctl" system calls

    * "pipes" --- Interface to shell pipelines

      * Template Objects

    * "posixfile" --- File-like objects with locking support

    * "resource" --- Resource usage information

      * Resource Limits

      * Resource Usage

    * "nis" --- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)

    * "syslog" --- Unix syslog library routines

      * Examples

        * Simple example

    * "commands" --- Utilities for running commands

  * Mac OS X specific services

    * "ic" --- Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config

      * IC Objects

    * "MacOS" --- Access to Mac OS interpreter features

    * "macostools" --- Convenience routines for file manipulation

    * "findertools" --- The **finder**'s Apple Events interface

    * "EasyDialogs" --- Basic Macintosh dialogs

      * ProgressBar Objects

    * "FrameWork" --- Interactive application framework

      * Application Objects

      * Window Objects

      * ControlsWindow Object

      * ScrolledWindow Object

      * DialogWindow Objects

    * "autoGIL" --- Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops

    * Mac OS Toolbox Modules

      * "Carbon.AE" --- Apple Events

      * "Carbon.AH" --- Apple Help

      * "Carbon.App" --- Appearance Manager

      * "Carbon.Appearance" --- Appearance Manager constants

      * "Carbon.CF" --- Core Foundation

      * "Carbon.CG" --- Core Graphics

      * "Carbon.CarbonEvt" --- Carbon Event Manager

      * "Carbon.CarbonEvents" --- Carbon Event Manager constants

      * "Carbon.Cm" --- Component Manager

      * "Carbon.Components" --- Component Manager constants

      * "Carbon.ControlAccessor" --- Control Manager accssors

      * "Carbon.Controls" --- Control Manager constants

      * "Carbon.CoreFounation" --- CoreFounation constants

      * "Carbon.CoreGraphics" --- CoreGraphics constants

      * "Carbon.Ctl" --- Control Manager

      * "Carbon.Dialogs" --- Dialog Manager constants

      * "Carbon.Dlg" --- Dialog Manager

      * "Carbon.Drag" --- Drag and Drop Manager

      * "Carbon.Dragconst" --- Drag and Drop Manager constants

      * "Carbon.Events" --- Event Manager constants

      * "Carbon.Evt" --- Event Manager

      * "Carbon.File" --- File Manager

      * "Carbon.Files" --- File Manager constants

      * "Carbon.Fm" --- Font Manager

      * "Carbon.Folder" --- Folder Manager

      * "Carbon.Folders" --- Folder Manager constants

      * "Carbon.Fonts" --- Font Manager constants

      * "Carbon.Help" --- Help Manager

      * "Carbon.IBCarbon" --- Carbon InterfaceBuilder

      * "Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime" --- Carbon InterfaceBuilder
        constants

      * "Carbon.Icn" --- Carbon Icon Manager

      * "Carbon.Icons" --- Carbon Icon Manager constants

      * "Carbon.Launch" --- Carbon Launch Services

      * "Carbon.LaunchServices" --- Carbon Launch Services constants

      * "Carbon.List" --- List Manager

      * "Carbon.Lists" --- List Manager constants

      * "Carbon.MacHelp" --- Help Manager constants

      * "Carbon.MediaDescr" --- Parsers and generators for Quicktime
        Media descriptors

      * "Carbon.Menu" --- Menu Manager

      * "Carbon.Menus" --- Menu Manager constants

      * "Carbon.Mlte" --- MultiLingual Text Editor

      * "Carbon.OSA" --- Carbon OSA Interface

      * "Carbon.OSAconst" --- Carbon OSA Interface constants

      * "Carbon.QDOffscreen" --- QuickDraw Offscreen constants

      * "Carbon.Qd" --- QuickDraw

      * "Carbon.Qdoffs" --- QuickDraw Offscreen

      * "Carbon.Qt" --- QuickTime

      * "Carbon.QuickDraw" --- QuickDraw constants

      * "Carbon.QuickTime" --- QuickTime constants

      * "Carbon.Res" --- Resource Manager and Handles

      * "Carbon.Resources" --- Resource Manager and Handles
        constants

      * "Carbon.Scrap" --- Scrap Manager

      * "Carbon.Snd" --- Sound Manager

      * "Carbon.Sound" --- Sound Manager constants

      * "Carbon.TE" --- TextEdit

      * "Carbon.TextEdit" --- TextEdit constants

      * "Carbon.Win" --- Window Manager

      * "Carbon.Windows" --- Window Manager constants

    * "ColorPicker" --- Color selection dialog

  * MacPython OSA Modules

    * "gensuitemodule" --- Generate OSA stub packages

    * "aetools" --- OSA client support

    * "aepack" --- Conversion between Python variables and
      AppleEvent data containers

    * "aetypes" --- AppleEvent objects

    * "MiniAEFrame" --- Open Scripting Architecture server support

      * AEServer Objects

  * SGI IRIX Specific Services

    * "al" --- Audio functions on the SGI

      * Configuration Objects

      * Port Objects

    * "AL" --- Constants used with the "al" module

    * "cd" --- CD-ROM access on SGI systems

      * Player Objects

      * Parser Objects

    * "fl" --- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces

      * Functions Defined in Module "fl"

      * Form Objects

      * FORMS Objects

    * "FL" --- Constants used with the "fl" module

    * "flp" --- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs

    * "fm" --- *Font Manager* interface

    * "gl" --- *Graphics Library* interface

    * "DEVICE" --- Constants used with the "gl" module

    * "GL" --- Constants used with the "gl" module

    * "imgfile" --- Support for SGI imglib files

    * "jpeg" --- Read and write JPEG files

  * SunOS Specific Services

    * "sunaudiodev" --- Access to Sun audio hardware

      * Audio Device Objects

    * "SUNAUDIODEV" --- Constants used with "sunaudiodev"

  * Undocumented Modules

    * Miscellaneous useful utilities

    * Platform specific modules

    * Multimedia

    * Undocumented Mac OS modules

      * "applesingle" --- AppleSingle decoder

      * "buildtools" --- Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends

      * "cfmfile" --- Code Fragment Resource module

      * "icopen" --- Internet Config replacement for "open()"

      * "macerrors" --- Mac OS Errors

      * "macresource" --- Locate script resources

      * "Nav" --- NavServices calls

      * "PixMapWrapper" --- Wrapper for PixMap objects

      * "videoreader" --- Read QuickTime movies

      * "W" --- Widgets built on "FrameWork"

    * Obsolete

    * SGI-specific Extension modules

* Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter

  * Extending Python with C or C++

    * A Simple Example

    * Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions

    * Back to the Example

    * The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function

    * Compilation and Linkage

    * Calling Python Functions from C

    * Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions

    * Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions

    * Building Arbitrary Values

    * Reference Counts

      * Reference Counting in Python

      * Ownership Rules

      * Thin Ice

      * NULL Pointers

    * Writing Extensions in C++

    * Providing a C API for an Extension Module

  * Defining New Types

    * The Basics

      * Adding data and methods to the Basic example

      * Providing finer control over data attributes

      * Supporting cyclic garbage collection

      * Subclassing other types

    * Type Methods

      * Finalization and De-allocation

      * Object Presentation

      * Attribute Management

        * Generic Attribute Management

        * Type-specific Attribute Management

      * Object Comparison

      * Abstract Protocol Support

      * Weak Reference Support

      * More Suggestions

  * Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils

    * Distributing your extension modules

  * Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows

    * A Cookbook Approach

    * Differences Between Unix and Windows

    * Using DLLs in Practice

  * Embedding Python in Another Application

    * Very High Level Embedding

    * Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview

    * Pure Embedding

    * Extending Embedded Python

    * Embedding Python in C++

    * Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems

* Python/C API Reference Manual

  * Introduction

    * Include Files

    * Objects, Types and Reference Counts

      * Reference Counts

        * Reference Count Details

      * Types

    * Exceptions

    * Embedding Python

    * Debugging Builds

  * The Very High Level Layer

  * Reference Counting

  * Exception Handling

    * Unicode Exception Objects

    * Recursion Control

    * Standard Exceptions

    * String Exceptions

  * Utilities

    * Operating System Utilities

    * System Functions

    * Process Control

    * Importing Modules

    * Data marshalling support

    * Parsing arguments and building values

    * String conversion and formatting

    * Reflection

    * Codec registry and support functions

      * Codec lookup API

      * Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers

  * Abstract Objects Layer

    * Object Protocol

    * Number Protocol

    * Sequence Protocol

    * Mapping Protocol

    * Iterator Protocol

    * Old Buffer Protocol

  * Concrete Objects Layer

    * Fundamental Objects

      * Type Objects

      * The "None" Object

    * Numeric Objects

      * Plain Integer Objects

      * Boolean Objects

      * Long Integer Objects

      * Floating Point Objects

      * Complex Number Objects

        * Complex Numbers as C Structures

        * Complex Numbers as Python Objects

    * Sequence Objects

      * Byte Array Objects

        * Type check macros

        * Direct API functions

        * Macros

      * String/Bytes Objects

      * Unicode Objects and Codecs

        * Unicode Objects

          * Unicode Type

          * Unicode Character Properties

          * Plain Py_UNICODE

          * wchar_t Support

        * Built-in Codecs

          * Generic Codecs

          * UTF-8 Codecs

          * UTF-32 Codecs

          * UTF-16 Codecs

          * UTF-7 Codecs

          * Unicode-Escape Codecs

          * Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs

          * Latin-1 Codecs

          * ASCII Codecs

          * Character Map Codecs

          * MBCS codecs for Windows

          * Methods & Slots

        * Methods and Slot Functions

      * Buffers and Memoryview Objects

        * The new-style Py_buffer struct

        * Buffer related functions

        * MemoryView objects

        * Old-style buffer objects

      * Tuple Objects

      * List Objects

    * Mapping Objects

      * Dictionary Objects

    * Other Objects

      * Class and Instance Objects

      * Function Objects

      * Method Objects

      * File Objects

      * Module Objects

      * Iterator Objects

      * Descriptor Objects

      * Slice Objects

      * Weak Reference Objects

      * Capsules

      * CObjects

      * Cell Objects

      * Generator Objects

      * DateTime Objects

      * Set Objects

      * Code Objects

  * Initialization, Finalization, and Threads

    * Initializing and finalizing the interpreter

    * Process-wide parameters

    * Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock

      * Releasing the GIL from extension code

      * Non-Python created threads

      * High-level API

      * Low-level API

    * Sub-interpreter support

      * Bugs and caveats

    * Asynchronous Notifications

    * Profiling and Tracing

    * Advanced Debugger Support

  * Memory Management

    * Overview

    * Memory Interface

    * Examples

  * Object Implementation Support

    * Allocating Objects on the Heap

    * Common Object Structures

    * Type Objects

    * Number Object Structures

    * Mapping Object Structures

    * Sequence Object Structures

    * Buffer Object Structures

    * Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection

* Distributing Python Modules

  * Key terms

  * Open source licensing and collaboration

  * Installing the tools

  * Reading the guide

  * How do I...?

    * ... choose a name for my project?

    * ... create and distribute binary extensions?

* Installing Python Modules

  * Key terms

  * Basic usage

  * How do I ...?

    * ... install "pip" in versions of Python prior to Python 2.7.9?

    * ... install packages just for the current user?

    * ... install scientific Python packages?

    * ... work with multiple versions of Python installed in
      parallel?

  * Common installation issues

    * Installing into the system Python on Linux

    * Installing binary extensions

* Python HOWTOs

  * Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3

    * The Short Explanation

    * Details

      * Drop support for Python 2.5 and older (at least)

      * Make sure you specify the proper version support in your
        "setup.py" file

      * Have good test coverage

      * Learn the differences between Python 2 & 3

      * Update your code

        * Division

        * Text versus binary data

      * Prevent compatibility regressions

      * Check which dependencies block your transition

      * Update your "setup.py" file to denote Python 3 compatibility

      * Use continuous integration to stay compatible

    * Dropping Python 2 support completely

  * Porting Extension Modules to Python 3

    * Conditional compilation

    * Changes to Object APIs

      * str/unicode Unification

      * long/int Unification

    * Module initialization and state

    * CObject replaced with Capsule

    * Other options

  * Curses Programming with Python

    * What is curses?

      * The Python curses module

    * Starting and ending a curses application

    * Windows and Pads

    * Displaying Text

      * Attributes and Color

    * User Input

    * For More Information

  * Descriptor HowTo Guide

    * Abstract

    * Definition and Introduction

    * Descriptor Protocol

    * Invoking Descriptors

    * Descriptor Example

    * Properties

    * Functions and Methods

    * Static Methods and Class Methods

  * Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python

    * Language Constructs You Should Not Use

      * from module import *

        * Inside Function Definitions

        * At Module Level

        * When It Is Just Fine

      * Unadorned "exec", "execfile()" and friends

      * from module import name1, name2

      * except:

    * Exceptions

    * Using the Batteries

    * Using Backslash to Continue Statements

  * Functional Programming HOWTO

    * Introduction

      * Formal provability

      * Modularity

      * Ease of debugging and testing

      * Composability

    * Iterators

      * Data Types That Support Iterators

    * Generator expressions and list comprehensions

    * Generators

      * Passing values into a generator

    * Built-in functions

    * Small functions and the lambda expression

    * The itertools module

      * Creating new iterators

      * Calling functions on elements

      * Selecting elements

      * Grouping elements

    * The functools module

      * The operator module

    * Revision History and Acknowledgements

    * References

      * General

      * Python-specific

      * Python documentation

  * Logging HOWTO

    * Basic Logging Tutorial

      * When to use logging

      * A simple example

      * Logging to a file

      * Logging from multiple modules

      * Logging variable data

      * Changing the format of displayed messages

      * Displaying the date/time in messages

      * Next Steps

    * Advanced Logging Tutorial

      * Logging Flow

      * Loggers

      * Handlers

      * Formatters

      * Configuring Logging

      * What happens if no configuration is provided

      * Configuring Logging for a Library

    * Logging Levels

      * Custom Levels

    * Useful Handlers

    * Exceptions raised during logging

    * Using arbitrary objects as messages

    * Optimization

  * Logging Cookbook

    * Using logging in multiple modules

    * Logging from multiple threads

    * Multiple handlers and formatters

    * Logging to multiple destinations

    * Configuration server example

    * Sending and receiving logging events across a network

    * Adding contextual information to your logging output

      * Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information

        * Using objects other than dicts to pass contextual
          information

      * Using Filters to impart contextual information

    * Logging to a single file from multiple processes

    * Using file rotation

    * An example dictionary-based configuration

    * Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler

    * Implementing structured logging

    * Customizing handlers with "dictConfig()"

    * Configuring filters with "dictConfig()"

    * Customized exception formatting

    * Speaking logging messages

    * Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally

    * Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration

    * Using a context manager for selective logging

  * Regular Expression HOWTO

    * Introduction

    * Simple Patterns

      * Matching Characters

      * Repeating Things

    * Using Regular Expressions

      * Compiling Regular Expressions

      * The Backslash Plague

      * Performing Matches

      * Module-Level Functions

      * Compilation Flags

    * More Pattern Power

      * More Metacharacters

      * Grouping

      * Non-capturing and Named Groups

      * Lookahead Assertions

    * Modifying Strings

      * Splitting Strings

      * Search and Replace

    * Common Problems

      * Use String Methods

      * match() versus search()

      * Greedy versus Non-Greedy

      * Using re.VERBOSE

    * Feedback

  * Socket Programming HOWTO

    * Sockets

      * History

    * Creating a Socket

      * IPC

    * Using a Socket

      * Binary Data

    * Disconnecting

      * When Sockets Die

    * Non-blocking Sockets

      * Performance

  * Sorting HOW TO

    * Sorting Basics

    * Key Functions

    * Operator Module Functions

    * Ascending and Descending

    * Sort Stability and Complex Sorts

    * The Old Way Using Decorate-Sort-Undecorate

    * The Old Way Using the *cmp* Parameter

    * Odd and Ends

  * Unicode HOWTO

    * Introduction to Unicode

      * History of Character Codes

      * Definitions

      * Encodings

      * References

    * Python 2.x's Unicode Support

      * The Unicode Type

      * Unicode Literals in Python Source Code

      * Unicode Properties

      * References

    * Reading and Writing Unicode Data

      * Unicode filenames

      * Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs

      * References

    * Revision History and Acknowledgements

  * HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using urllib2

    * Introduction

    * Fetching URLs

      * Data

      * Headers

    * Handling Exceptions

      * URLError

      * HTTPError

        * Error Codes

      * Wrapping it Up

        * Number 1

        * Number 2

    * info and geturl

    * Openers and Handlers

    * Basic Authentication

    * Proxies

    * Sockets and Layers

    * Footnotes

  * HOWTO Use Python in the web

    * The Low-Level View

      * Common Gateway Interface

        * Simple script for testing CGI

        * Setting up CGI on your own server

        * Common problems with CGI scripts

      * mod_python

      * FastCGI and SCGI

        * Setting up FastCGI

      * mod_wsgi

    * Step back: WSGI

      * WSGI Servers

      * Case study: MoinMoin

    * Model-View-Controller

    * Ingredients for Websites

      * Templates

      * Data persistence

    * Frameworks

      * Some notable frameworks

        * Django

        * TurboGears

        * Zope

        * Other notable frameworks

  * Argparse Tutorial

    * Concepts

    * The basics

    * Introducing Positional arguments

    * Introducing Optional arguments

      * Short options

    * Combining Positional and Optional arguments

    * Getting a little more advanced

      * Conflicting options

    * Conclusion

* Python Frequently Asked Questions

  * General Python FAQ

    * General Information

    * Python in the real world

    * Upgrading Python

  * Programming FAQ

    * General Questions

    * Core Language

    * Numbers and strings

    * Sequences (Tuples/Lists)

    * Dictionaries

    * Objects

    * Modules

  * Design and History FAQ

    * Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?

    * Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic
      operations?

    * Why are floating point calculations so inaccurate?

    * Why are Python strings immutable?

    * Why must 'self' be used explicitly in method definitions and
      calls?

    * Why can't I use an assignment in an expression?

    * Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g.
      list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?

    * Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple
      method?

    * How fast are exceptions?

    * Why isn't there a switch or case statement in Python?

    * Can't you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of
      relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?

    * Why can't lambda expressions contain statements?

    * Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other
      language?

    * How does Python manage memory?

    * Why isn't all memory freed when Python exits?

    * Why are there separate tuple and list data types?

    * How are lists implemented?

    * How are dictionaries implemented?

    * Why must dictionary keys be immutable?

    * Why doesn't list.sort() return the sorted list?

    * How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python?

    * Why is there no goto?

    * Why can't raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash?

    * Why doesn't Python have a "with" statement for attribute
      assignments?

    * Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements?

    * Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples?

  * Library and Extension FAQ

    * General Library Questions

    * Common tasks

    * Threads

    * Input and Output

    * Network/Internet Programming

    * Databases

    * Mathematics and Numerics

  * Extending/Embedding FAQ

    * Can I create my own functions in C?

    * Can I create my own functions in C++?

    * Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?

    * How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?

    * How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?

    * How do I extract C values from a Python object?

    * How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary
      length?

    * How do I call an object's method from C?

    * How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that
      prints to stdout/stderr)?

    * How do I access a module written in Python from C?

    * How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?

    * I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?

    * How do I debug an extension?

    * I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some
      files are missing. Why?

    * What does "SystemError: _PyImport_FixupExtension: module
      yourmodule not loaded" mean?

    * How do I tell "incomplete input" from "invalid input"?

    * How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or
      __pure_virtual?

    * Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in
      C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?

    * When importing module X, why do I get "undefined symbol:
      PyUnicodeUCS2*"?

  * Python on Windows FAQ

    * How do I run a Python program under Windows?

    * How do I make Python scripts executable?

    * Why does Python sometimes take so long to start?

    * How do I make an executable from a Python script?

    * Is a "*.pyd" file the same as a DLL?

    * How can I embed Python into a Windows application?

    * How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python
      source?

    * How do I check for a keypress without blocking?

    * How do I emulate os.kill() in Windows?

    * How do I extract the downloaded documentation on Windows?

  * Graphic User Interface FAQ

    * What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?

    * What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?

    * Tkinter questions

  * "Why is Python Installed on my Computer?" FAQ

    * What is Python?

    * Why is Python installed on my machine?

    * Can I delete Python?

* Glossary

* About these documents

  * Contributors to the Python Documentation

* Reporting Bugs

  * Documentation bugs

  * Using the Python issue tracker

  * Getting started contributing to Python yourself

* Copyright

* History and License

  * History of the software

  * Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python

    * PSF LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.7.13

    * BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0

    * CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1

    * CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2

  * Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software

    * Mersenne Twister

    * Sockets

    * Floating point exception control

    * MD5 message digest algorithm

    * Asynchronous socket services

    * Cookie management

    * Execution tracing

    * UUencode and UUdecode functions

    * XML Remote Procedure Calls

    * test_epoll

    * Select kqueue

    * strtod and dtoa

    * OpenSSL

    * expat

    * libffi

    * zlib
