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# Internationalization

The modules described in this chapter help you write software that is independent of language and locale by providing mechanisms for selecting a language to be used in program messages or by tailoring output to match local conventions.

The list of modules described in this chapter is:

- `gettext` — Multilingual internationalization services
  - GNU gettext API
  - Class-based API
    - The `NullTranslations` class
    - The `GNUTranslations` class
    - Solaris message catalog support
    - The Catalog constructor
  - Internationalizing your programs and modules
    - Localizing your module
    - Localizing your application
    - Changing languages on the fly
    - Deferred translations
    - `gettext` vs. `lgettext`
  - Acknowledgements

- `locale` — Internationalization services
  - Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
  - For extension writers and programs that embed Python
  - Access to message catalogs

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