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# 3. reStructuredText Primer

This section is a brief introduction to reStructuredText (reST) concepts and syntax, intended to provide authors with enough information to author documents productively. Since reST was designed to be a simple, unobtrusive markup language, this will not take too long.

See also

The authoritative reStructuredText User Documentation.

## 3.1. Paragraphs

The paragraph is the most basic block in a reST document. Paragraphs are simply chunks of text separated by one or more blank lines. As in Python, indentation is significant in reST, so all lines of the same paragraph must be left-aligned to the same level of indentation.

## 3.2. Inline markup

The standard reST inline markup is quite simple: use

- one asterisk: `*text*` for emphasis (italics),
- two asterisks: `**text**` for strong emphasis (boldface), and
- backquotes: ```text``` for code samples.

If asterisks or backquotes appear in running text and could be confused with inline markup delimiters, they have to be escaped with a backslash.

Be aware of some restrictions of this markup:

- it may not be nested,
- content may not start or end with whitespace: `* text*` is wrong,
- it must be separated from surrounding text by non-word characters. Use a backslash escaped space to work around that: `thisis\ *one*\ word`.

These restrictions may be lifted in future versions of the docutils.

reST also allows for custom “interpreted text roles”’, which signify that the enclosed text should be interpreted in a specific way. Sphinx uses this to provide semantic markup and cross-referencing of identifiers, as described in the appropriate section. The general syntax is `:rolename:`content``.

## 3.3. Lists and Quotes

List markup is natural: just place an asterisk at the start of a paragraph and indent properly. The same goes for numbered lists; they can also be autonumbered using a `#` sign:

    * This is a bulleted list.
    * It has two items, the second
      item uses two lines.

    1. This is a numbered list.
    2. It has two items too.

    #. This is a numbered list.
    #. It has two items too.

Nested lists are possible, but be aware that they must be separated from the parent list items by blank lines:

    * this is
    * a list

      * with a nested list
      * and some subitems

    * and here the parent list continues

Definition lists are created as follows:

    term (up to a line of text)
       Definition of the term, which must be indented

       and can even consist of multiple paragraphs

    next term
       Description.

Paragraphs are quoted by just indenting them more than the surrounding paragraphs.

## 3.4. Source Code

Literal code blocks are introduced by ending a paragraph with the special marker `::`. The literal block must be indented:

    This is a normal text paragraph. The next paragraph is a code sample::

       It is not processed in any way, except
       that the indentation is removed.

       It can span multiple lines.

    This is a normal text paragraph again.

The handling of the `::` marker is smart:

- If it occurs as a paragraph of its own, that paragraph is completely left out of the document.
- If it is preceded by whitespace, the marker is removed.
- If it is preceded by non-whitespace, the marker is replaced by a single colon.

That way, the second sentence in the above example’s first paragraph would be rendered as “The next paragraph is a code sample:”.

## 3.5. Hyperlinks

### 3.5.1. External links

Use ``Link text <http://target>`_` for inline web links. If the link text should be the web address, you don’t need special markup at all, the parser finds links and mail addresses in ordinary text.

### 3.5.2. Internal links

Internal linking is done via a special reST role, see the section on specific markup, Cross-linking markup.

## 3.6. Sections

Section headers are created by underlining (and optionally overlining) the section title with a punctuation character, at least as long as the text:

    =================
    This is a heading
    =================

Normally, there are no heading levels assigned to certain characters as the structure is determined from the succession of headings. However, for the Python documentation, we use this convention:

- `#` with overline, for parts
- `*` with overline, for chapters
- `=`, for sections
- `-`, for subsections
- `^`, for subsubsections
- `"`, for paragraphs

## 3.7. Explicit Markup

“Explicit markup” is used in reST for most constructs that need special handling, such as footnotes, specially-highlighted paragraphs, comments, and generic directives.

An explicit markup block begins with a line starting with `..` followed by whitespace and is terminated by the next paragraph at the same level of indentation. (There needs to be a blank line between explicit markup and normal paragraphs. This may all sound a bit complicated, but it is intuitive enough when you write it.)

## 3.8. Directives

A directive is a generic block of explicit markup. Besides roles, it is one of the extension mechanisms of reST, and Sphinx makes heavy use of it.

Basically, a directive consists of a name, arguments, options and content. (Keep this terminology in mind, it is used in the next chapter describing custom directives.) Looking at this example,

    .. function:: foo(x)
                  foo(y, z)
       :bar: no

       Return a line of text input from the user.

`function` is the directive name. It is given two arguments here, the remainder of the first line and the second line, as well as one option `bar` (as you can see, options are given in the lines immediately following the arguments and indicated by the colons).

The directive content follows after a blank line and is indented relative to the directive start.

## 3.9. Footnotes

For footnotes, use `[#]_` to mark the footnote location, and add the footnote body at the bottom of the document after a “Footnotes” rubric heading, like so:

    Lorem ipsum [#]_ dolor sit amet ... [#]_

    .. rubric:: Footnotes

    .. [#] Text of the first footnote.
    .. [#] Text of the second footnote.

You can also explicitly number the footnotes for better context.

## 3.10. Comments

Every explicit markup block which isn’t a valid markup construct (like the footnotes above) is regarded as a comment.

## 3.11. Source encoding

Since the easiest way to include special characters like em dashes or copyright signs in reST is to directly write them as Unicode characters, one has to specify an encoding:

All Python documentation source files must be in UTF-8 encoding, and the HTML documents written from them will be in that encoding as well.

## 3.12. Gotchas

There are some problems one commonly runs into while authoring reST documents:

- Separation of inline markup: As said above, inline markup spans must be separated from the surrounding text by non-word characters, you have to use an escaped space to get around that.

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