# 11.1 `os.path` -- Common pathname manipulations

This module implements some useful functions on pathnames.

Warning: On Windows, many of these functions do not properly support UNC pathnames. `splitunc()` and `ismount()` do handle them correctly.

`abspath`( | path)

  Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname path. On most platforms, this is equivalent to `normpath(join(os.getcwd(), path))`. New in version 1.5.2.

`basename`( | path)

  Return the base name of pathname path. This is the second half of the pair returned by `split(path)`. Note that the result of this function is different from the Unix basename program; where basename for `'/foo/bar/'` returns `'bar'`, the `basename()` function returns an empty string (`''`).

`commonprefix`( | list)

  Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a prefix of all paths in list. If list is empty, return the empty string (`''`). Note that this may return invalid paths because it works a character at a time.

`dirname`( | path)

  Return the directory name of pathname path. This is the first half of the pair returned by `split(path)`.

`exists`( | path)

  Return `True` if path refers to an existing path. Returns `False` for broken symbolic links. On some platforms, this function may return `False` if permission is not granted to execute `os.stat()` on the requested file, even if the path physically exists.

`lexists`( | path)

  Return `True` if path refers to an existing path. Returns `True` for broken symbolic links. Equivalent to `exists()` on platforms lacking `os.lstat()`. New in version 2.4.

`expanduser`( | path)

  On Unix, return the argument with an initial component of "`~`" or "`~user`" replaced by that user's home directory. An initial "`~`" is replaced by the environment variable HOME if it is set; otherwise the current user's home directory is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module `pwd`. An initial "`~user`" is looked up directly in the password directory.

  On Windows, only "`~`" is supported; it is replaced by the environment variable HOME or by a combination of HOMEDRIVE and HOMEPATH.

  If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is returned unchanged.

`expandvars`( | path)

  Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form "`$name`" or "`${name}`" are replaced by the value of environment variable name. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are left unchanged.

`getatime`( | path)

  Return the time of last access of path. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the `time` module). Raise `os.error` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. New in version 1.5.2. Changed in version 2.3: If `os.stat_float_times()` returns True, the result is a floating point number.

`getmtime`( | path)

  Return the time of last modification of path. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the `time` module). Raise `os.error` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. New in version 1.5.2. Changed in version 2.3: If `os.stat_float_times()` returns True, the result is a floating point number.

`getctime`( | path)

  Return the system's ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the last change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for path. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the `time` module). Raise `os.error` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. New in version 2.3.

`getsize`( | path)

  Return the size, in bytes, of path. Raise `os.error` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. New in version 1.5.2.

`isabs`( | path)

  Return `True` if path is an absolute pathname (begins with a slash).

`isfile`( | path)

  Return `True` if path is an existing regular file. This follows symbolic links, so both `islink()` and `isfile()` can be true for the same path.

`isdir`( | path)

  Return `True` if path is an existing directory. This follows symbolic links, so both `islink()` and `isdir()` can be true for the same path.

`islink`( | path)

  Return `True` if path refers to a directory entry that is a symbolic link. Always `False` if symbolic links are not supported.

`ismount`( | path)

  Return `True` if pathname path is a mount point: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. The function checks whether path's parent, path/.., is on a different device than path, or whether path/.. and path point to the same i-node on the same device -- this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants.

`join`( | path1[, path2[, ...]])

  Join one or more path components intelligently. If any component is an absolute path, all previous components (on Windows, including the previous drive letter, if there was one) are thrown away, and joining continues. The return value is the concatenation of path1, and optionally path2, etc., with exactly one directory separator (`os.sep`) inserted between components, unless path2 is empty. Note that on Windows, since there is a current directory for each drive, `os.path.join("c:", "foo")` represents a path relative to the current directory on drive C: (c:foo), not c:\\foo.

`normcase`( | path)

  Normalize the case of a pathname. On Unix, this returns the path unchanged; on case-insensitive filesystems, it converts the path to lowercase. On Windows, it also converts forward slashes to backward slashes.

`normpath`( | path)

  Normalize a pathname. This collapses redundant separators and up-level references so that `A//B`, `A/./B` and `A/foo/../B` all become `A/B`. It does not normalize the case (use `normcase()` for that). On Windows, it converts forward slashes to backward slashes. It should be understood that this may change the meaning of the path if it contains symbolic links!

`realpath`( | path)

  Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating system). New in version 2.2.

`samefile`( | path1, path2)

  Return `True` if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory (as indicated by device number and i-node number). Raise an exception if a `os.stat()` call on either pathname fails. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.

`sameopenfile`( | fp1, fp2)

  Return `True` if the file descriptors fp1 and fp2 refer to the same file. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.

`samestat`( | stat1, stat2)

  Return `True` if the stat tuples stat1 and stat2 refer to the same file. These structures may have been returned by `fstat()`, `lstat()`, or `stat()`. This function implements the underlying comparison used by `samefile()` and `sameopenfile()`. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.

`split`( | path)

  Split the pathname path into a pair, `(head, tail)` where tail is the last pathname component and head is everything leading up to that. The tail part will never contain a slash; if path ends in a slash, tail will be empty. If there is no slash in path, head will be empty. If path is empty, both head and tail are empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from head unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In nearly all cases, `join(head, tail)` equals path (the only exception being when there were multiple slashes separating head from tail).

`splitdrive`( | path)

  Split the pathname path into a pair `(drive, tail)` where drive is either a drive specification or the empty string. On systems which do not use drive specifications, drive will always be the empty string. In all cases, `drive + tail` will be the same as path. New in version 1.3.

`splitext`( | path)

  Split the pathname path into a pair `(root, ext)` such that `root + ext == path`, and ext is empty or begins with a period and contains at most one period.

`splitunc`( | path)

  Split the pathname path into a pair `(unc, rest)` so that unc is the UNC mount point (such as `r'\\host\mount'`), if present, and rest the rest of the path (such as `r'\path\file.ext'`). For paths containing drive letters, unc will always be the empty string. Availability: Windows.

`walk`( | path, visit, arg)

  Calls the function visit with arguments `(arg, dirname, names)` for each directory in the directory tree rooted at path (including path itself, if it is a directory). The argument dirname specifies the visited directory, the argument names lists the files in the directory (gotten from `os.listdir(dirname)`). The visit function may modify names to influence the set of directories visited below dirname, e.g. to avoid visiting certain parts of the tree. (The object referred to by names must be modified in place, using `del` or slice assignment.)

  Note: Symbolic links to directories are not treated as subdirectories, and that `walk()` therefore will not visit them. To visit linked directories you must identify them with `os.path.islink(file)` and `os.path.isdir(file)`, and invoke `walk()` as necessary.

  Note: The newer ``os`.walk()` generator supplies similar functionality and can be easier to use.

`supports_unicode_filenames`
  True if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations imposed by the file system), and if `os.listdir()` returns Unicode strings for a Unicode argument. New in version 2.3.