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3.3.2 Customizing attribute access

The following methods can be defined to customize the meaning of attribute access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of `x.name`) for class instances.

`__getattr__`( | self, name)

  Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the usual places (i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found in the class tree for `self`). `name` is the attribute name. This method should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an `AttributeError` exception.

  Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism, `__getattr__()` is not called. (This is an intentional asymmetry between `__getattr__()` and `__setattr__()`.) This is done both for efficiency reasons and because otherwise `__setattr__()` would have no way to access other attributes of the instance. Note that at least for instance variables, you can fake total control by not inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary (but instead inserting them in another object). See the `__getattribute__()` method below for a way to actually get total control in new-style classes.

`__setattr__`( | self, name, value)

  Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value in the instance dictionary). name is the attribute name, value is the value to be assigned to it.

  If `__setattr__()` wants to assign to an instance attribute, it should not simply execute "`self.name = value`" -- this would cause a recursive call to itself. Instead, it should insert the value in the dictionary of instance attributes, e.g., "`self.__dict__[name] = value`". For new-style classes, rather than accessing the instance dictionary, it should call the base class method with the same name, for example, "`object.__setattr__(self, name, value)`".

`__delattr__`( | self, name)

  Like `__setattr__()` but for attribute deletion instead of assignment. This should only be implemented if "`del obj.name`" is meaningful for the object.

Subsections

- 3.3.2.1 More attribute access for new-style classes
- 3.3.2.2 Implementing Descriptors
- 3.3.2.3 Invoking Descriptors
- 3.3.2.4 __slots__