# `importlib.resources` – Package resource reading, opening and access

Source code: Lib/importlib/resources/__init__.py

Added in version 3.7.

This module leverages Python’s import system to provide access to resources within packages.

“Resources” are file-like resources associated with a module or package in Python. The resources may be contained directly in a package, within a subdirectory contained in that package, or adjacent to modules outside a package. Resources may be text or binary. As a result, a package’s Python module sources (.py), compilation artifacts (pycache), and installation artifacts (like `reserved filenames` in directories) are technically de-facto resources of that package. In practice, however, resources are primarily those non-Python artifacts exposed specifically by the package author.

Resources can be opened or read in either binary or text mode.

Resources are roughly akin to files inside directories, though it’s important to keep in mind that this is just a metaphor. Resources and packages do not have to exist as physical files and directories on the file system: for example, a package and its resources can be imported from a zip file using `zipimport`.

Warning

`importlib.resources` follows the same security model as the built-in `open()` function. Passing untrusted inputs to the functions in this module is unsafe.

Note

The standalone backport of this module provides more information on using importlib.resources and migrating from pkg_resources to importlib.resources.

`Loaders` that wish to support resource reading should implement a `get_resource_reader(fullname)` method as specified by `importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`.

class importlib.resources.Anchor

  Represents an anchor for resources, either a `module object` or a module name as a string. Defined as `Union[str, ModuleType]`.

importlib.resources.files(anchor: Anchor | None = None)

  Returns a `Traversable` object representing the resource container (think directory) and its resources (think files). A Traversable may contain other containers (think subdirectories).

  anchor is an optional `Anchor`. If the anchor is a package, resources are resolved from that package. If a module, resources are resolved adjacent to that module (in the same package or the package root). If the anchor is omitted, the caller’s module is used.

  Added in version 3.9.

  Changed in version 3.12: package parameter was renamed to anchor. anchor can now be a non-package module and if omitted will default to the caller’s module. package is still accepted for compatibility but will raise a `DeprecationWarning`. Consider passing the anchor positionally or using `importlib_resources >= 5.10` for a compatible interface on older Pythons.

importlib.resources.as_file(traversable)

  Given a `Traversable` object representing a file or directory, typically from `importlib.resources.files()`, return a context manager for use in a `with` statement. The context manager provides a `pathlib.Path` object.

  Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary file or directory created when the resource was extracted from e.g. a zip file.

  Use `as_file` when the Traversable methods (`read_text`, etc) are insufficient and an actual file or directory on the file system is required.

  Added in version 3.9.

  Changed in version 3.12: Added support for traversable representing a directory.

## Functional API

A set of simplified, backwards-compatible helpers is available. These allow common operations in a single function call.

For all the following functions:

- anchor is an `Anchor`, as in `files()`. Unlike in `files`, it may not be omitted.

- path_names are components of a resource’s path name, relative to the anchor. For example, to get the text of resource named `info.txt`, use:

      importlib.resources.read_text(my_module, "info.txt")

  Like `Traversable.joinpath`, The individual components should use forward slashes (`/`) as path separators. For example, the following are equivalent:

      importlib.resources.read_binary(my_module, "pics/painting.png")
      importlib.resources.read_binary(my_module, "pics", "painting.png")

  For backward compatibility reasons, functions that read text require an explicit encoding argument if multiple path_names are given. For example, to get the text of `info/chapter1.txt`, use:

      importlib.resources.read_text(my_module, "info", "chapter1.txt",
                                    encoding='utf-8')

importlib.resources.open_binary(anchor, *path_names)

  Open the named resource for binary reading.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function returns a `BinaryIO` object, that is, a binary stream open for reading.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).open('rb')

  Changed in version 3.13: Multiple path_names are accepted.

importlib.resources.open_text(anchor, *path_names, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')

  Open the named resource for text reading. By default, the contents are read as strict UTF-8.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names. encoding and errors have the same meaning as in built-in `open()`.

  For backward compatibility reasons, the encoding argument must be given explicitly if there are multiple path_names. This limitation is scheduled to be removed in Python 3.15.

  This function returns a `TextIO` object, that is, a text stream open for reading.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).open('r', encoding=encoding)

  Changed in version 3.13: Multiple path_names are accepted. encoding and errors must be given as keyword arguments.

importlib.resources.read_binary(anchor, *path_names)

  Read and return the contents of the named resource as `bytes`.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).read_bytes()

  Changed in version 3.13: Multiple path_names are accepted.

importlib.resources.read_text(anchor, *path_names, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')

  Read and return the contents of the named resource as `str`. By default, the contents are read as strict UTF-8.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names. encoding and errors have the same meaning as in built-in `open()`.

  For backward compatibility reasons, the encoding argument must be given explicitly if there are multiple path_names. This limitation is scheduled to be removed in Python 3.15.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).read_text(encoding=encoding)

  Changed in version 3.13: Multiple path_names are accepted. encoding and errors must be given as keyword arguments.

importlib.resources.path(anchor, *path_names)

  Provides the path to the resource as an actual file system path. This function returns a context manager for use in a `with` statement. The context manager provides a `pathlib.Path` object.

  Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary files created, e.g. when the resource needs to be extracted from a zip file.

  For example, the `stat()` method requires an actual file system path; it can be used like this:

      with importlib.resources.path(anchor, "resource.txt") as fspath:
          result = fspath.stat()

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      as_file(files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names))

  Changed in version 3.13: Multiple path_names are accepted.

importlib.resources.is_resource(anchor, *path_names)

  Return `True` if the named resource exists, otherwise `False`. This function does not consider directories to be resources.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).is_file()

  Changed in version 3.13: Multiple path_names are accepted.

importlib.resources.contents(anchor, *path_names)

  Return an iterable over the named items within the package or path. The iterable returns names of resources (e.g. files) and non-resources (e.g. directories) as `str`. The iterable does not recurse into subdirectories.

  See the introduction for details on anchor and path_names.

  This function is roughly equivalent to:

      for resource in files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).iterdir():
          yield resource.name

  Deprecated since version 3.11: Prefer `iterdir()` as above, which offers more control over the results and richer functionality.