****************************
  What's new in Python 3.14
****************************

:Editor: Hugo van Kemenade

.. Rules for maintenance:

   * Anyone can add text to this document.  Do not spend very much time
   on the wording of your changes, because your text will probably
   get rewritten to some degree.

   * The maintainer will go through Misc/NEWS periodically and add
   changes; it's therefore more important to add your changes to
   Misc/NEWS than to this file.

   * This is not a complete list of every single change; completeness
   is the purpose of Misc/NEWS.  Some changes I consider too small
   or esoteric to include.  If such a change is added to the text,
   I'll just remove it.  (This is another reason you shouldn't spend
   too much time on writing your addition.)

   * If you want to draw your new text to the attention of the
   maintainer, add 'XXX' to the beginning of the paragraph or
   section.

   * It's OK to just add a fragmentary note about a change.  For
   example: "XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the
   socket module."  The maintainer will research the change and
   write the necessary text.

   * You can comment out your additions if you like, but it's not
   necessary (especially when a final release is some months away).

   * Credit the author of a patch or bugfix.   Just the name is
   sufficient; the e-mail address isn't necessary.

   * It's helpful to add the issue number as a comment:

   XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the socket
   module.
   (Contributed by P.Y. Developer in :gh:`12345`.)

   This saves the maintainer the effort of going through the VCS log
   when researching a change.

This article explains the new features in Python 3.14, compared to 3.13.

For full details, see the :ref:`changelog <changelog>`.

.. seealso::

   :pep:`745` -- Python 3.14 release schedule

.. note::

   Prerelease users should be aware that this document is currently in draft
   form. It will be updated substantially as Python 3.14 moves towards release,
   so it's worth checking back even after reading earlier versions.


Summary -- release highlights
=============================

.. This section singles out the most important changes in Python 3.14.
   Brevity is key.

Python 3.14 beta is the pre-release of the next version of the Python
programming language, with a mix of changes to the language, the
implementation and the standard library.

The biggest changes to the implementation include template strings (:pep:`750`),
deferred evaluation of annotations (:pep:`649`),
and a new type of interpreter that uses tail calls.

The library changes include the addition of a new :mod:`!annotationlib` module
for introspecting and wrapping annotations (:pep:`749`),
a new :mod:`!compression.zstd` module for Zstandard support (:pep:`784`),
plus syntax highlighting in the REPL,
as well as the usual deprecations and removals,
and improvements in user-friendliness and correctness.

.. PEP-sized items next.

* :ref:`PEP 779: Free-threaded Python is officially supported <whatsnew314-pep779>`
* :ref:`PEP 649 and 749: deferred evaluation of annotations <whatsnew314-pep649>`
* :ref:`PEP 734: Multiple interpreters in the stdlib <whatsnew314-pep734>`
* :ref:`PEP 741: Python configuration C API <whatsnew314-pep741>`
* :ref:`PEP 750: Template strings <whatsnew314-pep750>`
* :ref:`PEP 758: Allow except and except* expressions without parentheses <whatsnew314-pep758>`
* :ref:`PEP 761: Discontinuation of PGP signatures <whatsnew314-pep761>`
* :ref:`PEP 765: Disallow return/break/continue that exit a finally block <whatsnew314-pep765>`
* :ref:`Free-threaded mode improvements <whatsnew314-free-threaded-cpython>`
* :ref:`PEP 768: Safe external debugger interface for CPython <whatsnew314-pep768>`
* :ref:`PEP 784: Adding Zstandard to the standard library <whatsnew314-pep784>`
* :ref:`A new type of interpreter <whatsnew314-tail-call>`
* :ref:`Syntax highlighting in PyREPL <whatsnew314-pyrepl-highlighting>`,
  and color output in :ref:`unittest <whatsnew314-color-unittest>`,
  :ref:`argparse <whatsnew314-color-argparse>`,
  :ref:`json <whatsnew314-color-json>` and
  :ref:`calendar <whatsnew314-color-calendar>` CLIs
* :ref:`Binary releases for the experimental just-in-time compiler <whatsnew314-jit-compiler>`


Incompatible changes
====================

On platforms other than macOS and Windows, the default :ref:`start
method <multiprocessing-start-methods>` for :mod:`multiprocessing`
and :class:`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` switches from
*fork* to *forkserver*.

See :ref:`(1) <whatsnew314-concurrent-futures-start-method>` and
:ref:`(2) <whatsnew314-multiprocessing-start-method>` for details.

If you encounter :exc:`NameError`\s or pickling errors coming out of
:mod:`multiprocessing` or :mod:`concurrent.futures`, see the
:ref:`forkserver restrictions <multiprocessing-programming-forkserver>`.

The interpreter avoids some reference count modifications internally when
it's safe to do so. This can lead to different values returned from
:func:`sys.getrefcount` and :c:func:`Py_REFCNT` compared to previous versions
of Python.  See :ref:`below <whatsnew314-refcount>` for details.

New features
============

.. _whatsnew314-pep779:

PEP 779: Free-threaded Python is officially supported
-----------------------------------------------------

The free-threaded build of Python is now supported and no longer experimental.
This is the start of phase II where free-threaded Python is officially supported
but still optional.

We are confident that the project is on the right path, and we appreciate the
continued dedication from everyone working to make free-threading ready for
broader adoption across the Python community.

With these recommendations and the acceptance of this PEP, we as the Python
developer community should broadly advertise that free-threading is a supported
Python build option now and into the future, and that it will not be removed
without a proper deprecation schedule.

Any decision to transition to phase III, with free-threading as the default or
sole build of Python is still undecided, and dependent on many factors both
within CPython itself and the community. This decision is for the future.

.. seealso::
   :pep:`779` and its `acceptance
   <https://discuss.python.org/t/pep-779-criteria-for-supported-status-for-free-threaded-python/84319/123>`__.

.. _whatsnew314-pep734:

PEP 734: Multiple interpreters in the stdlib
--------------------------------------------

The CPython runtime supports running multiple copies of Python in the
same process simultaneously and has done so for over 20 years.
Each of these separate copies is called an "interpreter".
However, the feature had been available only through the C-API.

That limitation is removed in the 3.14 release,
with the new :mod:`concurrent.interpreters` module.

There are at least two notable reasons why using multiple interpreters
is worth considering:

* they support a new (to Python), human-friendly concurrency model
* true multi-core parallelism

For some use cases, concurrency in software enables efficiency and
can simplify software, at a high level.  At the same time, implementing
and maintaining all but the simplest concurrency is often a struggle
for the human brain.  That especially applies to plain threads
(for example, :mod:`threading`), where all memory is shared between all threads.

With multiple isolated interpreters, you can take advantage of a class
of concurrency models, like CSP or the actor model, that have found
success in other programming languages, like Smalltalk, Erlang,
Haskell, and Go.  Think of multiple interpreters like threads
but with opt-in sharing.

Regarding multi-core parallelism: as of the 3.12 release, interpreters
are now sufficiently isolated from one another to be used in parallel.
(See :pep:`684`.)  This unlocks a variety of CPU-intensive use cases
for Python that were limited by the :term:`GIL`.

Using multiple interpreters is similar in many ways to
:mod:`multiprocessing`, in that they both provide isolated logical
"processes" that can run in parallel, with no sharing by default.
However, when using multiple interpreters, an application will use
fewer system resources and will operate more efficiently (since it
stays within the same process).  Think of multiple interpreters as
having the isolation of processes with the efficiency of threads.

.. XXX Add an example or two.
.. XXX Link to the not-yet-added HOWTO doc.

While the feature has been around for decades, multiple interpreters
have not been used widely, due to low awareness and the lack of a stdlib
module.  Consequently, they currently have several notable limitations,
which will improve significantly now that the feature is finally
going mainstream.

Current limitations:

* starting each interpreter has not been optimized yet
* each interpreter uses more memory than necessary
  (we will be working next on extensive internal sharing between
  interpreters)
* there aren't many options *yet* for truly sharing objects or other
  data between interpreters (other than :type:`memoryview`)
* many extension modules on PyPI are not compatible with multiple
  interpreters yet (stdlib extension modules *are* compatible)
* the approach to writing applications that use multiple isolated
  interpreters is mostly unfamiliar to Python users, for now

The impact of these limitations will depend on future CPython
improvements, how interpreters are used, and what the community solves
through PyPI packages.  Depending on the use case, the limitations may
not have much impact, so try it out!

Furthermore, future CPython releases will reduce or eliminate overhead
and provide utilities that are less appropriate on PyPI.  In the
meantime, most of the limitations can also be addressed through
extension modules, meaning PyPI packages can fill any gap for 3.14, and
even back to 3.12 where interpreters were finally properly isolated and
stopped sharing the :term:`GIL`.  Likewise, we expect to slowly see
libraries on PyPI for high-level abstractions on top of interpreters.

Regarding extension modules, work is in progress to update some PyPI
projects, as well as tools like Cython, pybind11, nanobind, and PyO3.
The steps for isolating an extension module are found at
:ref:`isolating-extensions-howto`.  Isolating a module has a lot of
overlap with what is required to support
:ref:`free-threading <whatsnew314-free-threaded-cpython>`,
so the ongoing work in the community in that area will help accelerate
support for multiple interpreters.

Also added in 3.14: :ref:`concurrent.futures.InterpreterPoolExecutor
<whatsnew314-concurrent-futures-interp-pool>`.

.. seealso::
   :pep:`734`.


.. _whatsnew314-pep750:

PEP 750: Template strings
-------------------------

Template string literals (t-strings) are a generalization of f-strings,
using a ``t`` in place of the ``f`` prefix. Instead of evaluating
to :class:`str`, t-strings evaluate to a new :class:`!string.templatelib.Template` type:

.. code-block:: python

   from string.templatelib import Template

   name = "World"
   template: Template = t"Hello {name}"

The template can then be combined with functions that operate on the template's
structure to produce a :class:`str` or a string-like result.
For example, sanitizing input:

.. code-block:: python

   evil = "<script>alert('evil')</script>"
   template = t"<p>{evil}</p>"
   assert html(template) == "<p>&lt;script&gt;alert('evil')&lt;/script&gt;</p>"

As another example, generating HTML attributes from data:

.. code-block:: python

   attributes = {"src": "shrubbery.jpg", "alt": "looks nice"}
   template = t"<img {attributes}>"
   assert html(template) == '<img src="shrubbery.jpg" alt="looks nice" class="looks-nice">'

Compared to using an f-string, the ``html`` function has access to template attributes
containing the original information: static strings, interpolations, and values
from the original scope. Unlike existing templating approaches, t-strings build
from the well-known f-string syntax and rules. Template systems thus benefit
from Python tooling as they are much closer to the Python language, syntax,
scoping, and more.

Writing template handlers is straightforward:

.. code-block:: python

   from string.templatelib import Template, Interpolation

   def lower_upper(template: Template) -> str:
       """Render static parts lowercased and interpolations uppercased."""
       parts: list[str] = []
       for item in template:
           if isinstance(item, Interpolation):
               parts.append(str(item.value).upper())
           else:
               parts.append(item.lower())
       return "".join(parts)

   name = "world"
   assert lower_upper(t"HELLO {name}") == "hello WORLD"

With this in place, developers can write template systems to sanitize SQL, make
safe shell operations, improve logging, tackle modern ideas in web development
(HTML, CSS, and so on), and implement lightweight, custom business DSLs.

(Contributed by Jim Baker, Guido van Rossum, Paul Everitt, Koudai Aono,
Lysandros Nikolaou, Dave Peck, Adam Turner, Jelle Zijlstra, Bénédikt Tran,
and Pablo Galindo Salgado in :gh:`132661`.)

.. seealso::
   :pep:`750`.


.. _whatsnew314-pep768:

PEP 768: Safe external debugger interface for CPython
-----------------------------------------------------

:pep:`768` introduces a zero-overhead debugging interface that allows debuggers and profilers
to safely attach to running Python processes. This is a significant enhancement to Python's
debugging capabilities allowing debuggers to forego unsafe alternatives. See
:ref:`below <whatsnew314-remote-pdb>` for how this feature is leveraged to
implement the new :mod:`pdb` module's remote attaching capabilities.

The new interface provides safe execution points for attaching debugger code without modifying
the interpreter's normal execution path or adding runtime overhead. This enables tools to
inspect and interact with Python applications in real-time without stopping or restarting
them — a crucial capability for high-availability systems and production environments.

For convenience, CPython implements this interface through the :mod:`sys` module with a
:func:`sys.remote_exec` function::

    sys.remote_exec(pid, script_path)

This function allows sending Python code to be executed in a target process at the next safe
execution point. However, tool authors can also implement the protocol directly as described
in the PEP, which details the underlying mechanisms used to safely attach to running processes.

Here's a simple example that inspects object types in a running Python process:

  .. code-block:: python

     import os
     import sys
     import tempfile

     # Create a temporary script
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', suffix='.py', delete=False) as f:
         script_path = f.name
         f.write(f"import my_debugger; my_debugger.connect({os.getpid()})")
     try:
         # Execute in process with PID 1234
         print("Behold! An offering:")
         sys.remote_exec(1234, script_path)
     finally:
         os.unlink(script_path)

The debugging interface has been carefully designed with security in mind and includes several
mechanisms to control access:

* A :envvar:`PYTHON_DISABLE_REMOTE_DEBUG` environment variable.
* A :option:`-X disable-remote-debug` command-line option.
* A :option:`--without-remote-debug` configure flag to completely disable the feature at build time.

A key implementation detail is that the interface piggybacks on the interpreter's existing evaluation
loop and safe points, ensuring zero overhead during normal execution while providing a reliable way
for external processes to coordinate debugging operations.

(Contributed by Pablo Galindo Salgado, Matt Wozniski, and Ivona Stojanovic in :gh:`131591`.)

.. seealso::
   :pep:`768`.


.. _whatsnew314-pep784:

PEP 784: Adding Zstandard to the standard library
-------------------------------------------------

The new ``compression`` package contains modules :mod:`!compression.lzma`,
:mod:`!compression.bz2`, :mod:`!compression.gzip` and :mod:`!compression.zlib`
which re-export the :mod:`lzma`, :mod:`bz2`, :mod:`gzip` and :mod:`zlib`
modules respectively. The new import names under ``compression`` are the
canonical names for importing these compression modules going forward. However,
the existing modules names have not been deprecated. Any deprecation or removal
of the existing compression modules will occur no sooner than five years after
the release of 3.14.

The new :mod:`!compression.zstd` module provides compression and decompression
APIs for the Zstandard format via bindings to `Meta's zstd library
<https://facebook.github.io/zstd/>`__. Zstandard is a widely adopted, highly
efficient, and fast compression format. In addition to the APIs introduced in
:mod:`!compression.zstd`, support for reading and writing Zstandard compressed
archives has been added to the :mod:`tarfile`, :mod:`zipfile`, and
:mod:`shutil` modules.

Here's an example of using the new module to compress some data:

.. code-block:: python

    from compression import zstd
    import math

    data = str(math.pi).encode() * 20

    compressed = zstd.compress(data)

    ratio = len(compressed) / len(data)
    print(f"Achieved compression ratio of {ratio}")

As can be seen, the API is similar to the APIs of the :mod:`!lzma` and
:mod:`!bz2` modules.

(Contributed by Emma Harper Smith, Adam Turner, Gregory P. Smith, Tomas Roun,
Victor Stinner, and Rogdham in :gh:`132983`.)

.. seealso::
   :pep:`784`.


.. _whatsnew314-remote-pdb:

Remote attaching to a running Python process with PDB
-----------------------------------------------------

The :mod:`pdb` module now supports remote attaching to a running Python process
using a new ``-p PID`` command-line option:

.. code-block:: sh

   python -m pdb -p 1234

This will connect to the Python process with the given PID and allow you to
debug it interactively. Notice that due to how the Python interpreter works
attaching to a remote process that is blocked in a system call or waiting for
I/O will only work once the next bytecode instruction is executed or when the
process receives a signal.

This feature uses :pep:`768` and the :func:`sys.remote_exec` function
to attach to the remote process and send the PDB commands to it.


(Contributed by Matt Wozniski and Pablo Galindo in :gh:`131591`.)

.. seealso::
   :pep:`768`.


.. _whatsnew314-pep758:

PEP 758 – Allow except and except* expressions without parentheses
------------------------------------------------------------------

The :keyword:`except` and :keyword:`except* <except_star>` expressions now allow
parentheses to be omitted when there are multiple exception types and the ``as`` clause is not used.
For example the following expressions are now valid:

.. code-block:: python

   try:
       connect_to_server()
   except TimeoutError, ConnectionRefusedError:
       print("Network issue encountered.")

    # The same applies to except* (for exception groups):

   try:
       connect_to_server()
   except* TimeoutError, ConnectionRefusedError:
       print("Network issue encountered.")

Check :pep:`758` for more details.

(Contributed by Pablo Galindo and Brett Cannon in :gh:`131831`.)

.. seealso::
   :pep:`758`.


.. _whatsnew314-pep649:

PEP 649 and 749: deferred evaluation of annotations
---------------------------------------------------

The :term:`annotations <annotation>` on functions, classes, and modules are no
longer evaluated eagerly. Instead, annotations are stored in special-purpose
:term:`annotate functions <annotate function>` and evaluated only when
necessary (except if ``from __future__ import annotations`` is used).
This is specified in :pep:`649` and :pep:`749`.

This change is designed to make annotations in Python more performant and more
usable in most circumstances. The runtime cost for defining annotations is
minimized, but it remains possible to introspect annotations at runtime.
It is no longer necessary to enclose annotations in strings if they
contain forward references.

The new :mod:`annotationlib` module provides tools for inspecting deferred
annotations. Annotations may be evaluated in the :attr:`~annotationlib.Format.VALUE`
format (which evaluates annotations to runtime values, similar to the behavior in
earlier Python versions), the :attr:`~annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF` format
(which replaces undefined names with special markers), and the
:attr:`~annotationlib.Format.STRING` format (which returns annotations as strings).

This example shows how these formats behave:

.. doctest::

   >>> from annotationlib import get_annotations, Format
   >>> def func(arg: Undefined):
   ...     pass
   >>> get_annotations(func, format=Format.VALUE)
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
   NameError: name 'Undefined' is not defined
   >>> get_annotations(func, format=Format.FORWARDREF)
   {'arg': ForwardRef('Undefined', owner=<function func at 0x...>)}
   >>> get_annotations(func, format=Format.STRING)
   {'arg': 'Undefined'}

Implications for annotated code
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If you define annotations in your code (for example, for use with a static type
checker), then this change probably does not affect you: you can keep
writing annotations the same way you did with previous versions of Python.

You will likely be able to remove quoted strings in annotations, which are frequently
used for forward references. Similarly, if you use ``from __future__ import annotations``
to avoid having to write strings in annotations, you may well be able to
remove that import once you support only Python 3.14 and newer.
However, if you rely on third-party libraries that read annotations,
those libraries may need changes to support unquoted annotations before they
work as expected.

Implications for readers of ``__annotations__``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If your code reads the ``__annotations__`` attribute on objects, you may want
to make changes in order to support code that relies on deferred evaluation of
annotations. For example, you may want to use :func:`annotationlib.get_annotations`
with the :attr:`~annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF` format, as the :mod:`dataclasses`
module now does.

The external :pypi:`typing_extensions` package provides partial backports of some of the
functionality of the :mod:`annotationlib` module, such as the :class:`~annotationlib.Format`
enum and the :func:`~annotationlib.get_annotations` function. These can be used to
write cross-version code that takes advantage of the new behavior in Python 3.14.

Related changes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The changes in Python 3.14 are designed to rework how ``__annotations__``
works at runtime while minimizing breakage to code that contains
annotations in source code and to code that reads ``__annotations__``. However,
if you rely on undocumented details of the annotation behavior or on private
functions in the standard library, there are many ways in which your code may
not work in Python 3.14. To safeguard your code against future changes,
use only the documented functionality of the :mod:`annotationlib` module.

In particular, do not read annotations directly from the namespace dictionary
attribute of type objects. Use :func:`annotationlib.get_annotate_from_class_namespace`
during class construction and :func:`annotationlib.get_annotations` afterwards.

In previous releases, it was sometimes possible to access class annotations from
an instance of an annotated class. This behavior was undocumented and accidental,
and will no longer work in Python 3.14.

``from __future__ import annotations``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In Python 3.7, :pep:`563` introduced the ``from __future__ import annotations``
directive, which turns all annotations into strings. This directive is now
considered deprecated and it is expected to be removed in a future version of Python.
However, this removal will not happen until after Python 3.13, the last version of
Python without deferred evaluation of annotations, reaches its end of life in 2029.
In Python 3.14, the behavior of code using ``from __future__ import annotations``
is unchanged.

(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`119180`; :pep:`649` was written by Larry Hastings.)

.. seealso::
   :pep:`649` and :pep:`749`.


Improved error messages
-----------------------

* The interpreter now provides helpful suggestions when it detects typos in Python
  keywords. When a word that closely resembles a Python keyword is encountered,
  the interpreter will suggest the correct keyword in the error message. This
  feature helps programmers quickly identify and fix common typing mistakes. For
  example:

  .. code-block:: pycon

     >>> whille True:
     ...     pass
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<stdin>", line 1
         whille True:
         ^^^^^^
     SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Did you mean 'while'?

     >>> asynch def fetch_data():
     ...     pass
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<stdin>", line 1
         asynch def fetch_data():
         ^^^^^^
     SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Did you mean 'async'?

     >>> async def foo():
     ...     awaid fetch_data()
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<stdin>", line 2
         awaid fetch_data()
         ^^^^^
     SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Did you mean 'await'?

     >>> raisee ValueError("Error")
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<stdin>", line 1
         raisee ValueError("Error")
         ^^^^^^
     SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Did you mean 'raise'?

  While the feature focuses on the most common cases, some variations of
  misspellings may still result in regular syntax errors.
  (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in :gh:`132449`.)

* When unpacking assignment fails due to incorrect number of variables, the
  error message prints the received number of values in more cases than before.
  (Contributed by Tushar Sadhwani in :gh:`122239`.)

  .. code-block:: pycon

     >>> x, y, z = 1, 2, 3, 4
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
         x, y, z = 1, 2, 3, 4
         ^^^^^^^
     ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 3, got 4)

* :keyword:`elif` statements that follow an :keyword:`else` block now have a specific error message.
  (Contributed by Steele Farnsworth in :gh:`129902`.)

  .. code-block:: pycon

      >>> if who == "me":
      ...     print("It's me!")
      ... else:
      ...     print("It's not me!")
      ... elif who is None:
      ...     print("Who is it?")
      File "<stdin>", line 5
        elif who is None:
        ^^^^
      SyntaxError: 'elif' block follows an 'else' block

* If a statement (:keyword:`pass`, :keyword:`del`, :keyword:`return`,
  :keyword:`yield`, :keyword:`raise`, :keyword:`break`, :keyword:`continue`,
  :keyword:`assert`, :keyword:`import`, :keyword:`from`) is passed to the
  :ref:`if_expr` after :keyword:`else`, or one of :keyword:`pass`,
  :keyword:`break`, or :keyword:`continue` is passed before :keyword:`if`, then the
  error message highlights where the :token:`~python-grammar:expression` is
  required. (Contributed by Sergey Miryanov in :gh:`129515`.)

  .. code-block:: pycon

     >>> x = 1 if True else pass
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<string>", line 1
         x = 1 if True else pass
                            ^^^^
     SyntaxError: expected expression after 'else', but statement is given

     >>> x = continue if True else break
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<string>", line 1
         x = continue if True else break
             ^^^^^^^^
     SyntaxError: expected expression before 'if', but statement is given


* When incorrectly closed strings are detected, the error message suggests
  that the string may be intended to be part of the string. (Contributed by
  Pablo Galindo in :gh:`88535`.)

  .. code-block:: pycon

    >>> "The interesting object "The important object" is very important"
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Is this intended to be part of the string?

* When strings have incompatible prefixes, the error now shows
  which prefixes are incompatible. (Contributed by
  Nikita Sobolev in :gh:`133197`.)

  .. code-block:: pycon

    >>> ub'abc'
      File "<python-input-0>", line 1
        ub'abc'
        ^^
    SyntaxError: 'u' and 'b' prefixes are incompatible

* Improved error messages when using ``as`` with incompatible targets in:

  - Imports: ``import ... as ...``
  - From imports: ``from ... import ... as ...``
  - Except handlers: ``except ... as ...``
  - Pattern-match cases: ``case ... as ...``

  (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in :gh:`123539`,
  :gh:`123562`, and :gh:`123440`.)

  .. code-block:: pycon

   >>> import ast as arr[0]
     File "<python-input-1>", line 1
       import ast as arr[0]
                     ^^^^^^
   SyntaxError: cannot use subscript as import target

* Improved error message when trying to add an instance of an unhashable type to
  a :class:`dict` or :class:`set`. (Contributed by CF Bolz-Tereick and Victor Stinner
  in :gh:`132828`.)

  .. code-block:: pycon

     >>> s = set()
     >>> s.add({'pages': 12, 'grade': 'A'})
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<python-input-1>", line 1, in <module>
         s.add({'pages': 12, 'grade': 'A'})
         ~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
     TypeError: cannot use 'dict' as a set element (unhashable type: 'dict')
     >>> d = {}
     >>> l = [1, 2, 3]
     >>> d[l] = 12
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<python-input-4>", line 1, in <module>
         d[l] = 12
         ~^^^
     TypeError: cannot use 'list' as a dict key (unhashable type: 'list')


.. _whatsnew314-pep741:

PEP 741: Python configuration C API
-----------------------------------

Add a :ref:`PyInitConfig C API <pyinitconfig_api>` to configure the Python
initialization without relying on C structures and the ability to make
ABI-compatible changes in the future.

Complete the :pep:`587` :ref:`PyConfig C API <pyconfig_api>` by adding
:c:func:`PyInitConfig_AddModule` which can be used to add a built-in extension
module; feature previously referred to as the “inittab”.

Add :c:func:`PyConfig_Get` and :c:func:`PyConfig_Set` functions to get and set
the current runtime configuration.

PEP 587 “Python Initialization Configuration” unified all the ways to configure
the Python initialization. This PEP unifies also the configuration of the
Python preinitialization and the Python initialization in a single API.
Moreover, this PEP only provides a single choice to embed Python, instead of
having two “Python” and “Isolated” choices (PEP 587), to simplify the API
further.

The lower level PEP 587 PyConfig API remains available for use cases with an
intentionally higher level of coupling to CPython implementation details (such
as emulating the full functionality of CPython’s CLI, including its
configuration mechanisms).

(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`107954`.)

.. seealso::
   :pep:`741`.

.. _whatsnew314-asyncio-introspection:

Asyncio introspection capabilities
----------------------------------

Added a new command-line interface to inspect running Python processes using
asynchronous tasks, available via:

.. code-block:: bash

  python -m asyncio ps PID

This tool inspects the given process ID (PID) and displays information about
currently running asyncio tasks.  It outputs a task table: a flat
listing of all tasks, their names, their coroutine stacks, and which tasks are
awaiting them.

.. code-block:: bash

  python -m asyncio pstree PID

This tool fetches the same information, but renders a visual async call tree,
showing coroutine relationships in a hierarchical format.  This command is
particularly useful for debugging long-running or stuck asynchronous programs.
It can help developers quickly identify where a program is blocked, what tasks
are pending, and how coroutines are chained together.

For example given this code:

.. code-block:: python

  import asyncio

  async def play(track):
      await asyncio.sleep(5)
      print(f"🎵 Finished: {track}")

  async def album(name, tracks):
      async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as tg:
          for track in tracks:
              tg.create_task(play(track), name=track)

  async def main():
      async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as tg:
          tg.create_task(
            album("Sundowning", ["TNDNBTG", "Levitate"]), name="Sundowning")
          tg.create_task(
            album("TMBTE", ["DYWTYLM", "Aqua Regia"]), name="TMBTE")

  if __name__ == "__main__":
      asyncio.run(main())

Executing the new tool on the running process will yield a table like this:

.. code-block:: bash

  python -m asyncio ps 12345

  tid        task id              task name            coroutine stack                                    awaiter chain                                      awaiter name    awaiter id
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1935500    0x7fc930c18050       Task-1               TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> main                                                                       0x0
  1935500    0x7fc930c18230       Sundowning           TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album   TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> main    Task-1          0x7fc930c18050
  1935500    0x7fc93173fa50       TMBTE                TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album   TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> main    Task-1          0x7fc930c18050
  1935500    0x7fc93173fdf0       TNDNBTG              sleep -> play                                      TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album   Sundowning      0x7fc930c18230
  1935500    0x7fc930d32510       Levitate             sleep -> play                                      TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album   Sundowning      0x7fc930c18230
  1935500    0x7fc930d32890       DYWTYLM              sleep -> play                                      TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album   TMBTE           0x7fc93173fa50
  1935500    0x7fc93161ec30       Aqua Regia           sleep -> play                                      TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__ -> album   TMBTE           0x7fc93173fa50

or a tree like this:

.. code-block:: bash

  python -m asyncio pstree 12345

  └── (T) Task-1
      └──  main example.py:13
          └──  TaskGroup.__aexit__ Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:72
              └──  TaskGroup._aexit Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:121
                  ├── (T) Sundowning
                  │   └──  album example.py:8
                  │       └──  TaskGroup.__aexit__ Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:72
                  │           └──  TaskGroup._aexit Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:121
                  │               ├── (T) TNDNBTG
                  │               │   └──  play example.py:4
                  │               │       └──  sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702
                  │               └── (T) Levitate
                  │                   └──  play example.py:4
                  │                       └──  sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702
                  └── (T) TMBTE
                      └──  album example.py:8
                          └──  TaskGroup.__aexit__ Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:72
                              └──  TaskGroup._aexit Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:121
                                  ├── (T) DYWTYLM
                                  │   └──  play example.py:4
                                  │       └──  sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702
                                  └── (T) Aqua Regia
                                      └──  play example.py:4
                                          └──  sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702

If a cycle is detected in the async await graph (which could indicate a
programming issue), the tool raises an error and lists the cycle paths that
prevent tree construction:

.. code-block:: bash

  python -m asyncio pstree 12345

  ERROR: await-graph contains cycles - cannot print a tree!

  cycle: Task-2 → Task-3 → Task-2

(Contributed by Pablo Galindo, Łukasz Langa, Yury Selivanov, and Marta
Gomez Macias in :gh:`91048`.)

.. _whatsnew314-tail-call:

A new type of interpreter
-------------------------

A new type of interpreter has been added to CPython.
It uses tail calls between small C functions that implement individual
Python opcodes, rather than one large C case statement.
For certain newer compilers, this interpreter provides
significantly better performance. Preliminary numbers on our machines suggest
anywhere up to 30% faster Python code, and a geometric mean of 3-5%
faster on ``pyperformance`` depending on platform and architecture. The
baseline is Python 3.14 built with Clang 19 without this new interpreter.

This interpreter currently only works with Clang 19 and newer
on x86-64 and AArch64 architectures. However, we expect
that a future release of GCC will support this as well.

This feature is opt-in for now. We highly recommend enabling profile-guided
optimization with the new interpreter as it is the only configuration we have
tested and can validate its improved performance.
For further information on how to build Python, see
:option:`--with-tail-call-interp`.

.. note::

   This is not to be confused with `tail call optimization`__ of Python
   functions, which is currently not implemented in CPython.

   This new interpreter type is an internal implementation detail of the CPython
   interpreter.  It doesn't change the visible behavior of Python programs at
   all.  It can improve their performance, but doesn't change anything else.

   __ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_call

.. attention::

    This section previously reported a 9-15% geometric mean speedup. This number has since been
    cautiously revised down to 3-5%. While we expect performance results to be better
    than what we report, our estimates are more conservative due to a
    `compiler bug <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/106846>`_ found in
    Clang/LLVM 19, which causes the normal interpreter to be slower. We were unaware of this bug,
    resulting in inaccurate results. We sincerely apologize for
    communicating results that were only accurate for LLVM v19.1.x and v20.1.0. In the meantime,
    the bug has been fixed in LLVM v20.1.1 and for the upcoming v21.1, but it will remain
    unfixed for LLVM v19.1.x and v20.1.0. Thus
    any benchmarks with those versions of LLVM may produce inaccurate numbers.
    (Thanks to Nelson Elhage for bringing this to light.)

(Contributed by Ken Jin in :gh:`128563`, with ideas on how to implement this
in CPython by Mark Shannon, Garrett Gu, Haoran Xu, and Josh Haberman.)

.. _whatsnew314-free-threaded-cpython:

Free-threaded mode
------------------

Free-threaded mode (:pep:`703`), initially added in 3.13, has been significantly improved.
The implementation described in PEP 703 was finished, including C API changes,
and temporary workarounds in the interpreter were replaced with more permanent solutions.
The specializing adaptive interpreter (:pep:`659`) is now enabled in free-threaded mode,
which along with many other optimizations greatly improves its performance.
The performance penalty on single-threaded code in free-threaded mode is now roughly 5-10%,
depending on platform and C compiler used.

This work was done by many contributors: Sam Gross, Matt Page, Neil Schemenauer,
Thomas Wouters, Donghee Na, Kirill Podoprigora, Ken Jin, Itamar Oren,
Brett Simmers, Dino Viehland, Nathan Goldbaum, Ralf Gommers, Lysandros Nikolaou,
Kumar Aditya, Edgar Margffoy, and many others.

Some of these contributors are employed by Meta, which has continued to provide
significant engineering resources to support this project.

From 3.14, when compiling extension modules for the free-threaded build of
CPython on Windows, the preprocessor variable ``Py_GIL_DISABLED`` now needs to
be specified by the build backend, as it will no longer be determined
automatically by the C compiler. For a running interpreter, the setting that
was used at compile time can be found using :func:`sysconfig.get_config_var`.


.. _whatsnew314-pyrepl-highlighting:

Syntax highlighting in PyREPL
-----------------------------

The default :term:`interactive` shell now highlights Python syntax as you
type.  The feature is enabled by default unless the
:envvar:`PYTHON_BASIC_REPL` environment is set or any color-disabling
environment variables are used. See :ref:`using-on-controlling-color` for
details.

The default color theme for syntax highlighting strives for good contrast
and uses exclusively the 4-bit VGA standard ANSI color codes for maximum
compatibility. The theme can be customized using an experimental API
``_colorize.set_theme()``.  This can be called interactively, as well as
in the :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` script.

(Contributed by Łukasz Langa in :gh:`131507`.)


.. _whatsnew314-jit-compiler:

Binary releases for the experimental just-in-time compiler
----------------------------------------------------------

The official macOS and Windows release binaries now include an *experimental*
just-in-time (JIT) compiler. Although it is **not** recommended for production
use, it can be tested by setting :envvar:`PYTHON_JIT=1 <PYTHON_JIT>` as an
environment variable. Downstream source builds and redistributors can use the
:option:`--enable-experimental-jit=yes-off` configuration option for similar
behavior.

The JIT is at an early stage and still in active development. As such, the
typical performance impact of enabling it can range from 10% slower to 20%
faster, depending on workload. To aid in testing and evaluation, a set of
introspection functions has been provided in the :data:`sys._jit` namespace.
:func:`sys._jit.is_available` can be used to determine if the current executable
supports JIT compilation, while :func:`sys._jit.is_enabled` can be used to tell
if JIT compilation has been enabled for the current process.

Currently, the most significant missing functionality is that native debuggers
and profilers like ``gdb`` and ``perf`` are unable to unwind through JIT frames
(Python debuggers and profilers, like :mod:`pdb` or :mod:`profile`, continue to
work without modification). Free-threaded builds do not support JIT compilation.

Please report any bugs or major performance regressions that you encounter!

.. seealso:: :pep:`744`


Other language changes
======================

* The default :term:`interactive` shell now supports import autocompletion.
  This means that typing ``import foo`` and pressing ``<tab>`` will suggest
  modules starting with ``foo``. Similarly, typing ``from foo import b`` will
  suggest submodules of ``foo`` starting with ``b``. Note that autocompletion
  of module attributes is not currently supported.
  (Contributed by Tomas Roun in :gh:`69605`.)

* The :func:`map` built-in now has an optional keyword-only *strict* flag
  like :func:`zip` to check that all the iterables are of equal length.
  (Contributed by Wannes Boeykens in :gh:`119793`.)

* Incorrect usage of :keyword:`await` and asynchronous comprehensions
  is now detected even if the code is optimized away by the :option:`-O`
  command-line option. For example, ``python -O -c 'assert await 1'``
  now produces a :exc:`SyntaxError`. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`121637`.)

* Writes to ``__debug__`` are now detected even if the code is optimized
  away by the :option:`-O` command-line option. For example,
  ``python -O -c 'assert (__debug__ := 1)'`` now produces a
  :exc:`SyntaxError`. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`122245`.)

* Add class methods :meth:`float.from_number` and :meth:`complex.from_number`
  to convert a number to :class:`float` or :class:`complex` type correspondingly.
  They raise an error if the argument is a string.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`84978`.)

* Implement mixed-mode arithmetic rules combining real and complex numbers as
  specified by C standards since C99.
  (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`69639`.)

* All Windows code pages are now supported as "cpXXX" codecs on Windows.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`123803`.)

* :class:`super` objects are now :mod:`pickleable <pickle>` and
  :mod:`copyable <copy>`.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`125767`.)

* The :class:`memoryview` type now supports subscription,
  making it a :term:`generic type`.
  (Contributed by Brian Schubert in :gh:`126012`.)

* Support underscore and comma as thousands separators in the fractional part
  for floating-point presentation types of the new-style string formatting
  (with :func:`format` or :ref:`f-strings`).
  (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`87790`.)

* The :func:`bytes.fromhex` and :func:`bytearray.fromhex` methods now accept
  ASCII :class:`bytes` and :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`.
  (Contributed by Daniel Pope in :gh:`129349`.)

* Support ``\z`` as a synonym for ``\Z`` in :mod:`regular expressions <re>`.
  It is interpreted unambiguously in many other regular expression engines,
  unlike ``\Z``, which has subtly different behavior.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`133306`.)

* ``\B`` in :mod:`regular expression <re>` now matches empty input string.
  Now it is always the opposite of ``\b``.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`124130`.)

* iOS and macOS apps can now be configured to redirect ``stdout`` and
  ``stderr`` content to the system log. (Contributed by Russell Keith-Magee in
  :gh:`127592`.)

* The iOS testbed is now able to stream test output while the test is running.
  The testbed can also be used to run the test suite of projects other than
  CPython itself. (Contributed by Russell Keith-Magee in :gh:`127592`.)

* Three-argument :func:`pow` now tries calling :meth:`~object.__rpow__` if
  necessary. Previously it was only called in two-argument :func:`!pow` and the
  binary power operator.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`130104`.)

* Add a built-in implementation for HMAC (:rfc:`2104`) using formally verified
  code from the `HACL* <https://github.com/hacl-star/hacl-star/>`__ project.
  This implementation is used as a fallback when the OpenSSL implementation
  of HMAC is not available.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`99108`.)

* The import time flag can now track modules that are already loaded ('cached'),
  via the new :option:`-X importtime=2 <-X>`.
  When such a module is imported, the ``self`` and ``cumulative`` times
  are replaced by the string ``cached``.
  Values above ``2`` for ``-X importtime`` are now reserved for future use.
  (Contributed by Noah Kim and Adam Turner in :gh:`118655`.)

* When subclassing from a pure C type, the C slots for the new type are no
  longer replaced with a wrapped version on class creation if they are not
  explicitly overridden in the subclass.
  (Contributed by Tomasz Pytel in :gh:`132329`.)

* The command-line option :option:`-c` now automatically dedents its code
  argument before execution. The auto-dedentation behavior mirrors
  :func:`textwrap.dedent`.
  (Contributed by Jon Crall and Steven Sun in :gh:`103998`.)

* Improve error message when an object supporting the synchronous
  context manager protocol is entered using :keyword:`async
  with` instead of :keyword:`with`.
  And vice versa with the asynchronous context manager protocol.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`128398`.)

* :option:`!-J` is no longer a reserved flag for Jython_,
  and now has no special meaning.
  (Contributed by Adam Turner in :gh:`133336`.)

  .. _Jython: https://www.jython.org/

.. _whatsnew314-pep765:

PEP 765: Disallow ``return``/``break``/``continue`` that exit a ``finally`` block
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The compiler emits a :exc:`SyntaxWarning` when a :keyword:`return`, :keyword:`break` or
:keyword:`continue` statements appears where it exits a :keyword:`finally` block.
This change is specified in :pep:`765`.


New modules
===========

* :mod:`annotationlib`: For introspecting :term:`annotations <annotation>`.
  See :pep:`749` for more details.
  (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`119180`.)


Improved modules
================

argparse
--------

* The default value of the :ref:`program name <prog>` for
  :class:`argparse.ArgumentParser` now reflects the way the Python
  interpreter was instructed to find the ``__main__`` module code.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Alyssa Coghlan in :gh:`66436`.)

* Introduced the optional *suggest_on_error* parameter to
  :class:`argparse.ArgumentParser`, enabling suggestions for argument choices
  and subparser names if mistyped by the user.
  (Contributed by Savannah Ostrowski in :gh:`124456`.)

  .. _whatsnew314-color-argparse:

* Introduced the optional *color* parameter to
  :class:`argparse.ArgumentParser`, enabling color for help text.
  This can be controlled by :ref:`environment variables
  <using-on-controlling-color>`. Color has also been enabled for help in the
  :ref:`stdlib CLIs <library-cmdline>` which use :mod:`!argparse`.
  (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`130645`.)


ast
---

* Add :func:`ast.compare` for comparing two ASTs.
  (Contributed by Batuhan Taskaya and Jeremy Hylton in :gh:`60191`.)

* Add support for :func:`copy.replace` for AST nodes.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`121141`.)

* Docstrings are now removed from an optimized AST in optimization level 2.
  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`123958`.)

* The ``repr()`` output for AST nodes now includes more information.
  (Contributed by Tomas Roun in :gh:`116022`.)

* :func:`ast.parse`, when called with an AST as input, now always verifies
  that the root node type is appropriate.
  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`130139`.)

* Add new ``--feature-version``, ``--optimize``, ``--show-empty`` options to
  command-line interface.
  (Contributed by Semyon Moroz in :gh:`133367`.)


asyncio
-------

* The function and methods named :func:`!create_task` now take an arbitrary
  list of keyword arguments. All keyword arguments are passed to the
  :class:`~asyncio.Task` constructor or the custom task factory.
  (See :meth:`~asyncio.loop.set_task_factory` for details.)
  The ``name`` and ``context`` keyword arguments are no longer special;
  the name should now be set using the ``name`` keyword argument of the factory,
  and ``context`` may be ``None``.

  This affects the following function and methods:
  :meth:`asyncio.create_task`,
  :meth:`asyncio.loop.create_task`,
  :meth:`asyncio.TaskGroup.create_task`.
  (Contributed by Thomas Grainger in :gh:`128307`.)


bdb
---

* The :mod:`bdb` module now supports the :mod:`sys.monitoring` backend.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`124533`.)


  .. _whatsnew314-color-calendar:

calendar
--------

* By default, today's date is highlighted in color in :mod:`calendar`'s
  :ref:`command-line <calendar-cli>` text output.
  This can be controlled by :ref:`environment variables
  <using-on-controlling-color>`.
  (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`128317`.)


concurrent.futures
------------------

.. _whatsnew314-concurrent-futures-interp-pool:

* Add :class:`~concurrent.futures.InterpreterPoolExecutor`,
  which exposes "subinterpreters" (multiple Python interpreters in the
  same process) to Python code.  This is separate from the proposed API
  in :pep:`734`.
  (Contributed by Eric Snow in :gh:`124548`.)

.. _whatsnew314-concurrent-futures-start-method:

* The default :class:`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor`
  :ref:`start method <multiprocessing-start-methods>` changed
  from :ref:`fork <multiprocessing-start-method-fork>` to :ref:`forkserver
  <multiprocessing-start-method-forkserver>` on platforms other than macOS and
  Windows where it was already :ref:`spawn <multiprocessing-start-method-spawn>`.

  If the threading incompatible *fork* method is required, you must explicitly
  request it by supplying a multiprocessing context *mp_context* to
  :class:`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor`.

  See :ref:`forkserver restrictions <multiprocessing-programming-forkserver>`
  for information and differences with the *fork* method and how this change
  may affect existing code with mutable global shared variables and/or shared
  objects that can not be automatically :mod:`pickled <pickle>`.

  (Contributed by Gregory P. Smith in :gh:`84559`.)

* Add :meth:`concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor.terminate_workers` and
  :meth:`concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor.kill_workers` as
  ways to terminate or kill all living worker processes in the given pool.
  (Contributed by Charles Machalow in :gh:`130849`.)

* Add the optional ``buffersize`` parameter to
  :meth:`concurrent.futures.Executor.map` to limit the number of submitted
  tasks whose results have not yet been yielded. If the buffer is full,
  iteration over the *iterables* pauses until a result is yielded from the
  buffer.
  (Contributed by Enzo Bonnal and Josh Rosenberg in :gh:`74028`.)

configparser
------------

* Security fix: will no longer write config files it cannot read. Attempting
  to :meth:`configparser.ConfigParser.write` keys containing delimiters or
  beginning with the section header pattern will raise a
  :class:`configparser.InvalidWriteError`.
  (Contributed by Jacob Lincoln in :gh:`129270`.)

contextvars
-----------

* Support context manager protocol by :class:`contextvars.Token`.
  (Contributed by Andrew Svetlov in :gh:`129889`.)


ctypes
------

* The layout of :ref:`bit fields <ctypes-bit-fields-in-structures-unions>`
  in :class:`~ctypes.Structure` and :class:`~ctypes.Union`
  now matches platform defaults (GCC/Clang or MSVC) more closely.
  In particular, fields no longer overlap.
  (Contributed by Matthias Görgens in :gh:`97702`.)

* The :attr:`.Structure._layout_` class attribute can now be set
  to help match a non-default ABI.
  (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in :gh:`97702`.)

* The class of :class:`~ctypes.Structure`/:class:`~ctypes.Union`
  field descriptors is now available as :class:`~ctypes.CField`,
  and has new attributes to aid debugging and introspection.
  (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in :gh:`128715`.)

* On Windows, the :exc:`~ctypes.COMError` exception is now public.
  (Contributed by Jun Komoda in :gh:`126686`.)

* On Windows, the :func:`~ctypes.CopyComPointer` function is now public.
  (Contributed by Jun Komoda in :gh:`127275`.)

* :func:`ctypes.memoryview_at` now exists to create a
  :class:`memoryview` object that refers to the supplied pointer and
  length. This works like :func:`ctypes.string_at` except it avoids a
  buffer copy, and is typically useful when implementing pure Python
  callback functions that are passed dynamically-sized buffers.
  (Contributed by Rian Hunter in :gh:`112018`.)

* Complex types, :class:`~ctypes.c_float_complex`,
  :class:`~ctypes.c_double_complex` and :class:`~ctypes.c_longdouble_complex`,
  are now available if both the compiler and the ``libffi`` library support
  complex C types.
  (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`61103`.)

* Add :func:`ctypes.util.dllist` for listing the shared libraries
  loaded by the current process.
  (Contributed by Brian Ward in :gh:`119349`.)

* Move :func:`ctypes.POINTER` types cache from a global internal cache
  (``_pointer_type_cache``) to the :attr:`ctypes._CData.__pointer_type__`
  attribute of the corresponding :mod:`ctypes` types.
  This will stop the cache from growing without limits in some situations.
  (Contributed by Sergey Miryanov in :gh:`100926`.)

* The :class:`ctypes.py_object` type now supports subscription,
  making it a :term:`generic type`.
  (Contributed by Brian Schubert in :gh:`132168`.)

* :mod:`ctypes` now supports :term:`free-threading builds <free threading>`.
  (Contributed by Kumar Aditya and Peter Bierma in :gh:`127945`.)

curses
------

* Add the :func:`~curses.assume_default_colors` function,
  a refinement of the :func:`~curses.use_default_colors` function which
  allows to change the color pair ``0``.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`133139`.)

datetime
--------

* Add :meth:`datetime.time.strptime` and :meth:`datetime.date.strptime`.
  (Contributed by Wannes Boeykens in :gh:`41431`.)

decimal
-------

* Add alternative :class:`~decimal.Decimal` constructor
  :meth:`Decimal.from_number() <decimal.Decimal.from_number>`.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`121798`.)

* Expose :func:`decimal.IEEEContext` to support creation of contexts
  corresponding to the IEEE 754 (2008) decimal interchange formats.
  (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`53032`.)

difflib
-------

* Comparison pages with highlighted changes generated by the
  :class:`difflib.HtmlDiff` class now support dark mode.
  (Contributed by Jiahao Li in :gh:`129939`.)

dis
---

* Add support for rendering full source location information of
  :class:`instructions <dis.Instruction>`, rather than only the line number.
  This feature is added to the following interfaces via the *show_positions*
  keyword argument:

  - :class:`dis.Bytecode`
  - :func:`dis.dis`
  - :func:`dis.distb`
  - :func:`dis.disassemble`

  This feature is also exposed via :option:`dis --show-positions`.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`123165`.)

* Add the :option:`dis --specialized` command-line option to
  show specialized bytecode.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`127413`.)


errno
-----

* Add :data:`errno.EHWPOISON` error code.
  (Contributed by James Roy in :gh:`126585`.)


faulthandler
------------

* Add support for printing the C stack trace on systems that
  :ref:`support it <c-stack-compatibility>` via :func:`faulthandler.dump_c_stack`
  or via the *c_stack* argument in :func:`faulthandler.enable`.
  (Contributed by Peter Bierma in :gh:`127604`.)


fnmatch
-------

* Added :func:`fnmatch.filterfalse` for excluding names matching a pattern.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`74598`.)


fractions
---------

* Add support for converting any objects that have the
  :meth:`!as_integer_ratio` method to a :class:`~fractions.Fraction`.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`82017`.)

* Add alternative :class:`~fractions.Fraction` constructor
  :meth:`Fraction.from_number() <fractions.Fraction.from_number>`.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`121797`.)


functools
---------

* Add support to :func:`functools.partial` and
  :func:`functools.partialmethod` for :data:`functools.Placeholder` sentinels
  to reserve a place for positional arguments.
  (Contributed by Dominykas Grigonis in :gh:`119127`.)

* Allow the *initial* parameter of :func:`functools.reduce` to be passed
  as a keyword argument.
  (Contributed by Sayandip Dutta in :gh:`125916`.)


getopt
------

* Add support for options with optional arguments.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`126374`.)

* Add support for returning intermixed options and non-option arguments in order.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`126390`.)


getpass
-------

* Support keyboard feedback by :func:`getpass.getpass` via the keyword-only
  optional argument ``echo_char``. Placeholder characters are rendered whenever
  a character is entered, and removed when a character is deleted.
  (Contributed by Semyon Moroz in :gh:`77065`.)


graphlib
--------

* Allow :meth:`graphlib.TopologicalSorter.prepare` to be called more than once
  as long as sorting has not started.
  (Contributed by Daniel Pope in :gh:`130914`.)


heapq
-----

* Add functions for working with max-heaps:

  * :func:`heapq.heapify_max`,
  * :func:`heapq.heappush_max`,
  * :func:`heapq.heappop_max`,
  * :func:`heapq.heapreplace_max`
  * :func:`heapq.heappushpop_max`


hmac
----

* Add a built-in implementation for HMAC (:rfc:`2104`) using formally verified
  code from the `HACL* <https://github.com/hacl-star/hacl-star/>`__ project.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`99108`.)


http
----

* Directory lists and error pages generated by the :mod:`http.server`
  module allow the browser to apply its default dark mode.
  (Contributed by Yorik Hansen in :gh:`123430`.)

* The :mod:`http.server` module now supports serving over HTTPS using the
  :class:`http.server.HTTPSServer` class. This functionality is exposed by
  the command-line interface (``python -m http.server``) through the following
  options:

  * ``--tls-cert <path>``: Path to the TLS certificate file.
  * ``--tls-key <path>``: Optional path to the private key file.
  * ``--tls-password-file <path>``: Optional path to the password file for the private key.

  (Contributed by Semyon Moroz in :gh:`85162`.)


imaplib
-------

* Add :meth:`IMAP4.idle() <imaplib.IMAP4.idle>`, implementing the IMAP4
  ``IDLE`` command as defined in :rfc:`2177`.
  (Contributed by Forest in :gh:`55454`.)


inspect
-------

* :func:`inspect.signature` takes a new argument *annotation_format* to control
  the :class:`annotationlib.Format` used for representing annotations.
  (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`101552`.)

* :meth:`inspect.Signature.format` takes a new argument *unquote_annotations*.
  If true, string :term:`annotations <annotation>` are displayed without surrounding quotes.
  (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`101552`.)

* Add function :func:`inspect.ispackage` to determine whether an object is a
  :term:`package` or not.
  (Contributed by Zhikang Yan in :gh:`125634`.)


io
--

* Reading text from a non-blocking stream with ``read`` may now raise a
  :exc:`BlockingIOError` if the operation cannot immediately return bytes.
  (Contributed by Giovanni Siragusa in :gh:`109523`.)

* Add protocols :class:`io.Reader` and :class:`io.Writer` as a simpler
  alternatives to the pseudo-protocols :class:`typing.IO`,
  :class:`typing.TextIO`, and :class:`typing.BinaryIO`.
  (Contributed by Sebastian Rittau in :gh:`127648`.)


json
----

* Add notes for JSON serialization errors that allow to identify the source
  of the error.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`122163`.)

* Enable the :mod:`json` module to work as a script using the :option:`-m`
  switch: :program:`python -m json`.
  See the :ref:`JSON command-line interface <json-commandline>` documentation.
  (Contributed by Trey Hunner in :gh:`122873`.)

  .. _whatsnew314-color-json:

* By default, the output of the :ref:`JSON command-line interface
  <json-commandline>` is highlighted in color.
  This can be controlled by :ref:`environment variables
  <using-on-controlling-color>`.
  (Contributed by Tomas Roun in :gh:`131952`.)

linecache
---------

* :func:`linecache.getline` can retrieve source code for frozen modules.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`131638`.)


logging.handlers
----------------

* :class:`logging.handlers.QueueListener` now implements the context
  manager protocol, allowing it to be used in a :keyword:`with` statement.
  (Contributed by Charles Machalow in :gh:`132106`.)

* :meth:`QueueListener.start <logging.handlers.QueueListener.start>` now
  raises a :exc:`RuntimeError` if the listener is already started.
  (Contributed by Charles Machalow in :gh:`132106`.)


math
----

* Added more detailed error messages for domain errors in the module.
  (Contributed by by Charlie Zhao and Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`101410`.)


mimetypes
---------

* Document the command-line for :mod:`mimetypes`.
  It now exits with ``1`` on failure instead of ``0``
  and ``2`` on incorrect command-line parameters instead of ``1``.
  Also, errors are printed to stderr instead of stdout and their text is made
  tighter.
  (Contributed by Oleg Iarygin and Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`93096`.)

* Add MS and :rfc:`8081` MIME types for fonts:

  * Embedded OpenType: ``application/vnd.ms-fontobject``
  * OpenType Layout (OTF) ``font/otf``
  * TrueType: ``font/ttf``
  * WOFF 1.0 ``font/woff``
  * WOFF 2.0 ``font/woff2``

  (Contributed by Sahil Prajapati and Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`84852`.)

* Add :rfc:`9559` MIME types for Matroska audiovisual data container
  structures, containing:

  * audio with no video: ``audio/matroska`` (``.mka``)
  * video: ``video/matroska`` (``.mkv``)
  * stereoscopic video: ``video/matroska-3d`` (``.mk3d``)

  (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`89416`.)

* Add MIME types for images with RFCs:

  * :rfc:`1494`: CCITT Group 3 (``.g3``)
  * :rfc:`3362`: Real-time Facsimile, T.38 (``.t38``)
  * :rfc:`3745`: JPEG 2000 (``.jp2``), extension (``.jpx``) and compound (``.jpm``)
  * :rfc:`3950`: Tag Image File Format Fax eXtended, TIFF-FX (``.tfx``)
  * :rfc:`4047`: Flexible Image Transport System (``.fits``)
  * :rfc:`7903`: Enhanced Metafile (``.emf``) and Windows Metafile (``.wmf``)

  (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`85957`.)

* More MIME type changes:

  * :rfc:`2361`: Change type for ``.avi`` to ``video/vnd.avi``
    and for ``.wav`` to ``audio/vnd.wave``
  * :rfc:`4337`: Add MPEG-4 ``audio/mp4`` (``.m4a``)
  * :rfc:`5334`: Add Ogg media (``.oga``, ``.ogg`` and ``.ogx``)
  * :rfc:`6713`: Add gzip ``application/gzip`` (``.gz``)
  * :rfc:`9639`: Add FLAC ``audio/flac`` (``.flac``)
  * Add 7z ``application/x-7z-compressed`` (``.7z``)
  * Add Android Package ``application/vnd.android.package-archive`` (``.apk``)
    when not strict
  * Add deb ``application/x-debian-package`` (``.deb``)
  * Add glTF binary ``model/gltf-binary`` (``.glb``)
  * Add glTF JSON/ASCII ``model/gltf+json`` (``.gltf``)
  * Add M4V ``video/x-m4v`` (``.m4v``)
  * Add PHP ``application/x-httpd-php`` (``.php``)
  * Add RAR ``application/vnd.rar`` (``.rar``)
  * Add RPM ``application/x-rpm`` (``.rpm``)
  * Add STL ``model/stl`` (``.stl``)
  * Add Windows Media Video ``video/x-ms-wmv`` (``.wmv``)
  * De facto: Add WebM ``audio/webm`` (``.weba``)
  * `ECMA-376
    <https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376/>`__:
    Add ``.docx``, ``.pptx`` and ``.xlsx`` types
  * `OASIS
    <https://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/cs01/OpenDocument-v1.2-cs01-part1.html#Appendix_C>`__:
    Add OpenDocument ``.odg``, ``.odp``, ``.ods`` and ``.odt`` types
  * `W3C <https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-33/#app-media-type>`__:
    Add EPUB ``application/epub+zip`` (``.epub``)

  (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`129965`.)

* Add :rfc:`9512` ``application/yaml`` MIME type for YAML files (``.yaml``
  and ``.yml``). (Contributed by Sasha "Nelie" Chernykh and Hugo van Kemenade
  in :gh:`132056`.)


multiprocessing
---------------

.. _whatsnew314-multiprocessing-start-method:

* The default :ref:`start method <multiprocessing-start-methods>` changed
  from :ref:`fork <multiprocessing-start-method-fork>` to :ref:`forkserver
  <multiprocessing-start-method-forkserver>` on platforms other than macOS and
  Windows where it was already :ref:`spawn <multiprocessing-start-method-spawn>`.

  If the threading incompatible *fork* method is required, you must explicitly
  request it via a context from :func:`multiprocessing.get_context` (preferred)
  or change the default via :func:`multiprocessing.set_start_method`.

  See :ref:`forkserver restrictions <multiprocessing-programming-forkserver>`
  for information and differences with the *fork* method and how this change
  may affect existing code with mutable global shared variables and/or shared
  objects that can not be automatically :mod:`pickled <pickle>`.

  (Contributed by Gregory P. Smith in :gh:`84559`.)

* :mod:`multiprocessing`'s ``"forkserver"`` start method now authenticates
  its control socket to avoid solely relying on filesystem permissions
  to restrict what other processes could cause the forkserver to spawn workers
  and run code.
  (Contributed by Gregory P. Smith for :gh:`97514`.)

* The :ref:`multiprocessing proxy objects <multiprocessing-proxy_objects>`
  for *list* and *dict* types gain previously overlooked missing methods:

   * :meth:`!clear` and :meth:`!copy` for proxies of :class:`list`
   * :meth:`~dict.fromkeys`, ``reversed(d)``, ``d | {}``, ``{} | d``,
     ``d |= {'b': 2}`` for proxies of :class:`dict`

  (Contributed by Roy Hyunjin Han for :gh:`103134`.)

* Add support for shared :class:`set` objects via
  :meth:`SyncManager.set() <multiprocessing.managers.SyncManager.set>`.
  The :func:`set` in :func:`multiprocessing.Manager` method is now available.
  (Contributed by Mingyu Park in :gh:`129949`.)

* Add :func:`multiprocessing.Process.interrupt` which terminates the child
  process by sending :py:const:`~signal.SIGINT`. This enables
  :keyword:`finally` clauses to print a stack trace for the terminated
  process. (Contributed by Artem Pulkin in :gh:`131913`.)

operator
--------

* Two new functions :func:`operator.is_none` and :func:`operator.is_not_none`
  have been added, such that ``operator.is_none(obj)`` is equivalent
  to ``obj is None`` and ``operator.is_not_none(obj)`` is equivalent
  to ``obj is not None``.
  (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger and Nico Mexis in :gh:`115808`.)


os
--

* Add the :func:`os.reload_environ` function to update :data:`os.environ` and
  :data:`os.environb` with changes to the environment made by
  :func:`os.putenv`, by :func:`os.unsetenv`, or made outside Python in the
  same process.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`120057`.)

* Add the :data:`~os.SCHED_DEADLINE` and :data:`~os.SCHED_NORMAL` constants
  to the :mod:`os` module.
  (Contributed by James Roy in :gh:`127688`.)

* Add the :func:`os.readinto` function to read into a
  :ref:`buffer object <bufferobjects>` from a file descriptor.
  (Contributed by Cody Maloney in :gh:`129205`.)


os.path
-------

* The *strict* parameter to :func:`os.path.realpath` accepts a new value,
  :data:`os.path.ALLOW_MISSING`.
  If used, errors other than :exc:`FileNotFoundError` will be re-raised;
  the resulting path can be missing but it will be free of symlinks.
  (Contributed by Petr Viktorin for :cve:`2025-4517`.)


pathlib
-------

* Add methods to :class:`pathlib.Path` to recursively copy or move files and
  directories:

  * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.copy` copies a file or directory tree to a destination.
  * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.copy_into` copies *into* a destination directory.
  * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.move` moves a file or directory tree to a destination.
  * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.move_into` moves *into* a destination directory.

  (Contributed by Barney Gale in :gh:`73991`.)

* Add :attr:`pathlib.Path.info` attribute, which stores an object
  implementing the :class:`pathlib.types.PathInfo` protocol (also new). The
  object supports querying the file type and internally caching
  :func:`~os.stat` results. Path objects generated by
  :meth:`~pathlib.Path.iterdir` are initialized with file type information
  gleaned from scanning the parent directory.
  (Contributed by Barney Gale in :gh:`125413`.)


pdb
---

* Hardcoded breakpoints (:func:`breakpoint` and :func:`pdb.set_trace`) now
  reuse the most recent :class:`~pdb.Pdb` instance that calls
  :meth:`~pdb.Pdb.set_trace`, instead of creating a new one each time.
  As a result, all the instance specific data like :pdbcmd:`display` and
  :pdbcmd:`commands` are preserved across hardcoded breakpoints.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`121450`.)

* Add a new argument *mode* to :class:`pdb.Pdb`. Disable the ``restart``
  command when :mod:`pdb` is in ``inline`` mode.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`123757`.)

* A confirmation prompt will be shown when the user tries to quit :mod:`pdb`
  in ``inline`` mode. ``y``, ``Y``, ``<Enter>`` or ``EOF`` will confirm
  the quit and call :func:`sys.exit`, instead of raising :exc:`bdb.BdbQuit`.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`124704`.)

* Inline breakpoints like :func:`breakpoint` or :func:`pdb.set_trace` will
  always stop the program at calling frame, ignoring the ``skip`` pattern
  (if any).
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`130493`.)

* ``<tab>`` at the beginning of the line in :mod:`pdb` multi-line input will
  fill in a 4-space indentation now, instead of inserting a ``\t`` character.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`130471`.)

* Auto-indent is introduced in :mod:`pdb` multi-line input. It will either
  keep the indentation of the last line or insert a 4-space indentation when
  it detects a new code block.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`133350`.)

* ``$_asynctask`` is added to access the current asyncio task if applicable.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`124367`.)

* :mod:`pdb` now supports two backends: :func:`sys.settrace` and
  :mod:`sys.monitoring`. Using :mod:`pdb` CLI or :func:`breakpoint` will
  always use the :mod:`sys.monitoring` backend. Explicitly instantiating
  :class:`pdb.Pdb` and its derived classes will use the :func:`sys.settrace`
  backend by default, which is configurable.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`124533`.)

* :func:`pdb.set_trace_async` is added to support debugging asyncio
  coroutines. :keyword:`await` statements are supported with this
  function.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`132576`.)

* Source code displayed in :mod:`pdb` will be syntax-highlighted. This feature
  can be controlled using the same methods as PyREPL, in addition to the newly
  added ``colorize`` argument of :class:`pdb.Pdb`.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao and Łukasz Langa in :gh:`133355`.)


pickle
------

* Set the default protocol version on the :mod:`pickle` module to 5.
  For more details, see :ref:`pickle protocols <pickle-protocols>`.

* Add notes for pickle serialization errors that allow to identify the source
  of the error.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`122213`.)


platform
--------

* Add :func:`platform.invalidate_caches` to invalidate the cached results.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`122549`.)


pydoc
-----

* :term:`Annotations <annotation>` in help output are now usually
  displayed in a format closer to that in the original source.
  (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`101552`.)


socket
------

* Improve and fix support for Bluetooth sockets.

  * Fix support of Bluetooth sockets on NetBSD and DragonFly BSD.
    (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`132429`.)
  * Fix support for :const:`~socket.BTPROTO_HCI` on FreeBSD.
    (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`111178`.)
  * Add support for :const:`~socket.BTPROTO_SCO` on FreeBSD.
    (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`85302`.)
  * Add support for *cid* and *bdaddr_type* in the address for
    :const:`~socket.BTPROTO_L2CAP` on FreeBSD.
    (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`132429`.)
  * Add support for *channel* in the address for
    :const:`~socket.BTPROTO_HCI` on Linux.
    (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`70145`.)
  * Accept an integer as the address for
    :const:`~socket.BTPROTO_HCI` on Linux.
    (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`132099`.)
  * Return *cid* in :meth:`~socket.socket.getsockname` for
    :const:`~socket.BTPROTO_L2CAP`.
    (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`132429`.)
  * Add many new constants.
    (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`132734`.)

ssl
---

* Indicate through :data:`ssl.HAS_PHA` whether the :mod:`ssl` module supports
  TLSv1.3 post-handshake client authentication (PHA).
  (Contributed by Will Childs-Klein in :gh:`128036`.)


struct
------

* Support the :c:expr:`float complex` and :c:expr:`double complex` C types in
  the :mod:`struct` module (formatting characters ``'F'`` and ``'D'``
  respectively).
  (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`121249`.)


symtable
--------

* Expose the following :class:`symtable.Symbol` methods:

  * :meth:`~symtable.Symbol.is_comp_cell`
  * :meth:`~symtable.Symbol.is_comp_iter`
  * :meth:`~symtable.Symbol.is_free_class`

  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`120029`.)


sys
---

* The previously undocumented special function :func:`sys.getobjects`,
  which only exists in specialized builds of Python, may now return objects
  from other interpreters than the one it's called in.

* Add :func:`sys._is_immortal` for determining if an object is :term:`immortal`.
  (Contributed by Peter Bierma in :gh:`128509`.)

* On FreeBSD, :data:`sys.platform` doesn't contain the major version anymore.
  It is always ``'freebsd'``, instead of ``'freebsd13'`` or ``'freebsd14'``.

* Raise :exc:`DeprecationWarning` for :func:`sys._clear_type_cache`. This
  function was deprecated in Python 3.13 but it didn't raise a runtime warning.


sys.monitoring
--------------

* Two new events are added: :monitoring-event:`BRANCH_LEFT` and
  :monitoring-event:`BRANCH_RIGHT`. The ``BRANCH`` event is deprecated.


sysconfig
---------

* Add ``ABIFLAGS`` key to :func:`sysconfig.get_config_vars` on Windows.
  (Contributed by Xuehai Pan in :gh:`131799`.)


tarfile
-------

* :func:`~tarfile.data_filter` now normalizes symbolic link targets in order to
  avoid path traversal attacks.
  (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in :gh:`127987` and :cve:`2025-4138`.)
* :func:`~tarfile.TarFile.extractall` now skips fixing up directory attributes
  when a directory was removed or replaced by another kind of file.
  (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in :gh:`127987` and :cve:`2024-12718`.)
* :func:`~tarfile.TarFile.extract` and :func:`~tarfile.TarFile.extractall`
  now (re-)apply the extraction filter when substituting a link (hard or
  symbolic) with a copy of another archive member, and when fixing up
  directory attributes.
  The former raises a new exception, :exc:`~tarfile.LinkFallbackError`.
  (Contributed by Petr Viktorin for :cve:`2025-4330` and :cve:`2024-12718`.)
* :func:`~tarfile.TarFile.extract` and :func:`~tarfile.TarFile.extractall`
  no longer extract rejected members when
  :func:`~tarfile.TarFile.errorlevel` is zero.
  (Contributed by Matt Prodani and Petr Viktorin in :gh:`112887`
  and :cve:`2025-4435`.)


threading
---------

* :meth:`threading.Thread.start` now sets the operating system thread name
  to :attr:`threading.Thread.name`.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`59705`.)


tkinter
-------

* Make :mod:`tkinter` widget methods :meth:`!after` and :meth:`!after_idle`
  accept arguments passed by keyword.
  (Contributed by Zhikang Yan in :gh:`126899`.)

* Add ability to specify name for :class:`!tkinter.OptionMenu` and
  :class:`!tkinter.ttk.OptionMenu`.
  (Contributed by Zhikang Yan in :gh:`130482`.)

turtle
------

* Add context managers for :func:`turtle.fill`, :func:`turtle.poly`
  and :func:`turtle.no_animation`.
  (Contributed by Marie Roald and Yngve Mardal Moe in :gh:`126350`.)


types
-----

* :class:`types.UnionType` is now an alias for :class:`typing.Union`.
  See :ref:`below <whatsnew314-typing-union>` for more details.
  (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`105499`.)


typing
------

.. _whatsnew314-typing-union:

* :class:`types.UnionType` and :class:`typing.Union` are now aliases for each other,
  meaning that both old-style unions (created with ``Union[int, str]``) and new-style
  unions (``int | str``) now create instances of the same runtime type. This unifies
  the behavior between the two syntaxes, but leads to some differences in behavior that
  may affect users who introspect types at runtime:

  - Both syntaxes for creating a union now produce the same string representation in
    ``repr()``. For example, ``repr(Union[int, str])``
    is now ``"int | str"`` instead of ``"typing.Union[int, str]"``.
  - Unions created using the old syntax are no longer cached. Previously, running
    ``Union[int, str]`` multiple times would return the same object
    (``Union[int, str] is Union[int, str]`` would be ``True``), but now it will
    return two different objects. Users should use ``==`` to compare unions for equality, not
    ``is``. New-style unions have never been cached this way.
    This change could increase memory usage for some programs that use a large number of
    unions created by subscripting ``typing.Union``. However, several factors offset this cost:
    unions used in annotations are no longer evaluated by default in Python 3.14
    because of :pep:`649`; an instance of :class:`types.UnionType` is
    itself much smaller than the object returned by ``Union[]`` was on prior Python
    versions; and removing the cache also saves some space. It is therefore
    unlikely that this change will cause a significant increase in memory usage for most
    users.
  - Previously, old-style unions were implemented using the private class
    ``typing._UnionGenericAlias``. This class is no longer needed for the implementation,
    but it has been retained for backward compatibility, with removal scheduled for Python
    3.17. Users should use documented introspection helpers like :func:`typing.get_origin`
    and :func:`typing.get_args` instead of relying on private implementation details.
  - It is now possible to use :class:`typing.Union` itself in :func:`isinstance` checks.
    For example, ``isinstance(int | str, typing.Union)`` will return ``True``; previously
    this raised :exc:`TypeError`.
  - The ``__args__`` attribute of :class:`typing.Union` objects is no longer writable.
  - It is no longer possible to set any attributes on :class:`typing.Union` objects.
    This only ever worked for dunder attributes on previous versions, was never
    documented to work, and was subtly broken in many cases.

  (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`105499`.)


unicodedata
-----------

* The Unicode database has been updated to Unicode 16.0.0.


.. _whatsnew314-color-unittest:

unittest
--------

* :mod:`unittest` output is now colored by default.
  This can be controlled by :ref:`environment variables
  <using-on-controlling-color>`.
  (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`127221`.)

* unittest discovery supports :term:`namespace package` as start
  directory again. It was removed in Python 3.11.
  (Contributed by Jacob Walls in :gh:`80958`.)

* A number of new methods were added in the :class:`~unittest.TestCase` class
  that provide more specialized tests.

  - :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertHasAttr` and
    :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertNotHasAttr` check whether the object
    has a particular attribute.
  - :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertIsSubclass` and
    :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertNotIsSubclass` check whether the object
    is a subclass of a particular class, or of one of a tuple of classes.
  - :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertStartsWith`,
    :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertNotStartsWith`,
    :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertEndsWith` and
    :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertNotEndsWith` check whether the Unicode
    or byte string starts or ends with particular string(s).

  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`71339`.)


urllib
------

* Upgrade HTTP digest authentication algorithm for :mod:`urllib.request` by
  supporting SHA-256 digest authentication as specified in :rfc:`7616`.
  (Contributed by Calvin Bui in :gh:`128193`.)

* Improve ergonomics and standards compliance when parsing and emitting
  ``file:`` URLs.

  In :func:`urllib.request.url2pathname`:

  - Accept a complete URL when the new *require_scheme* argument is set to
    true.
  - Discard URL authority if it matches the local hostname.
  - Discard URL authority if it resolves to a local IP address when the new
    *resolve_host* argument is set to true.
  - Raise :exc:`~urllib.error.URLError` if a URL authority isn't local,
    except on Windows where we return a UNC path as before.

  In :func:`urllib.request.pathname2url`:

  - Return a complete URL when the new *add_scheme* argument is set to true.
  - Include an empty URL authority when a path begins with a slash. For
    example, the path ``/etc/hosts`` is converted to the URL ``///etc/hosts``.

  On Windows, drive letters are no longer converted to uppercase, and ``:``
  characters not following a drive letter no longer cause an :exc:`OSError`
  exception to be raised.

  (Contributed by Barney Gale in :gh:`125866`.)


uuid
----

* Add support for UUID versions 6, 7, and 8 via :func:`uuid.uuid6`,
  :func:`uuid.uuid7`, and :func:`uuid.uuid8` respectively, as specified
  in :rfc:`9562`.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`89083`.)

* :const:`uuid.NIL` and :const:`uuid.MAX` are now available to represent the
  Nil and Max UUID formats as defined by :rfc:`9562`.
  (Contributed by Nick Pope in :gh:`128427`.)

* Allow to generate multiple UUIDs at once via :option:`python -m uuid --count <uuid --count>`.
  (Contributed by Simon Legner in :gh:`131236`.)


webbrowser
----------

* Names in the :envvar:`BROWSER` environment variable can now refer to already
  registered browsers for the :mod:`webbrowser` module, instead of always
  generating a new browser command.

  This makes it possible to set :envvar:`BROWSER` to the value of one of the
  supported browsers on macOS.


zipinfo
-------

* Added :func:`ZipInfo._for_archive <zipfile.ZipInfo._for_archive>`
  to resolve suitable defaults for a :class:`~zipfile.ZipInfo` object
  as used by :func:`ZipFile.writestr <zipfile.ZipFile.writestr>`.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`123424`.)

* :meth:`zipfile.ZipFile.writestr` now respect ``SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH`` that
  distributions can set centrally and have build tools consume this in order
  to produce reproducible output.
  (Contributed by Jiahao Li in :gh:`91279`.)


.. Add improved modules above alphabetically, not here at the end.

Optimizations
=============

* The import time for several standard library modules has been improved,
  including :mod:`ast`, :mod:`asyncio`, :mod:`base64`, :mod:`cmd`, :mod:`csv`,
  :mod:`gettext`, :mod:`importlib.util`, :mod:`locale`, :mod:`mimetypes`,
  :mod:`optparse`, :mod:`pickle`, :mod:`pprint`, :mod:`pstats`, :mod:`socket`,
  :mod:`subprocess`, :mod:`threading`, :mod:`tomllib`, and :mod:`zipfile`.

  (Contributed by Adam Turner, Bénédikt Tran, Chris Markiewicz, Eli Schwartz,
  Hugo van Kemenade, Jelle Zijlstra, and others in :gh:`118761`.)


asyncio
-------

* :mod:`asyncio` has a new per-thread double linked list implementation internally for
  :class:`native tasks <asyncio.Task>` which speeds up execution by 10-20% on standard
  pyperformance benchmarks and reduces memory usage.
  This enables external introspection tools such as
  :ref:`python -m asyncio pstree <whatsnew314-asyncio-introspection>`
  to introspect the call graph of asyncio tasks running in all threads.
  (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`107803`.)

* :mod:`asyncio` has first class support for :term:`free-threading builds <free threading>`.
  This enables parallel execution of multiple event loops across different threads and scales
  linearly with the number of threads.
  (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`128002`.)

* :mod:`asyncio` has new utility functions for introspecting and printing
  the program's call graph: :func:`asyncio.capture_call_graph` and
  :func:`asyncio.print_call_graph`.
  (Contributed by Yury Selivanov, Pablo Galindo Salgado, and Łukasz Langa
  in :gh:`91048`.)

base64
------

* Improve the performance of :func:`base64.b16decode` by up to ten times,
  and reduce the import time of :mod:`base64` by up to six times.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran, Chris Markiewicz, and Adam Turner in :gh:`118761`.)


io
---
* :mod:`io` which provides the built-in :func:`open` makes less system calls
  when opening regular files as well as reading whole files. Reading a small
  operating system cached file in full is up to 15% faster.
  :func:`pathlib.Path.read_bytes` has the most optimizations for reading a
  file's bytes in full. (Contributed by Cody Maloney and Victor Stinner in
  :gh:`120754` and :gh:`90102`.)


uuid
----

* Improve generation of :class:`~uuid.UUID` objects via their dedicated
  functions:

  * :func:`~uuid.uuid3` and :func:`~uuid.uuid5` are both roughly 40% faster
    for 16-byte names and 20% faster for 1024-byte names. Performance for
    longer names remains unchanged.
  * :func:`~uuid.uuid4` and :func:`~uuid.uuid8` are 30% and 40% faster
    respectively.

  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`128150`.)


zlib
----

* On Windows, ``zlib-ng`` is now used as the implementation of the
  :mod:`zlib` module. This should produce compatible and comparable
  results with better performance, though it is worth noting that
  ``zlib.Z_BEST_SPEED`` (1) may result in significantly less
  compression than the previous implementation (while also significantly
  reducing the time taken to compress).
  (Contributed by Steve Dower in :gh:`91349`.)


Deprecated
==========

* :mod:`argparse`:

  * Passing the undocumented keyword argument *prefix_chars* to
    :meth:`~argparse.ArgumentParser.add_argument_group` is now
    deprecated.
    (Contributed by Savannah Ostrowski in :gh:`125563`.)
  * Deprecated the :class:`argparse.FileType` type converter.
    Anything with resource management should be done downstream after the
    arguments are parsed.
    (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`58032`.)

* :mod:`asyncio`:

  * :func:`!asyncio.iscoroutinefunction` is deprecated
    and will be removed in Python 3.16;
    use :func:`inspect.iscoroutinefunction` instead.
    (Contributed by Jiahao Li and Kumar Aditya in :gh:`122875`.)

  * :mod:`asyncio` policy system is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16.
    In particular, the following classes and functions are deprecated:

    * :class:`asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy`
    * :class:`asyncio.DefaultEventLoopPolicy`
    * :class:`asyncio.WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy`
    * :class:`asyncio.WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy`
    * :func:`asyncio.get_event_loop_policy`
    * :func:`asyncio.set_event_loop_policy`

    Users should use :func:`asyncio.run` or :class:`asyncio.Runner` with
    *loop_factory* to use the desired event loop implementation.

    For example, to use :class:`asyncio.SelectorEventLoop` on Windows::

      import asyncio

      async def main():
          ...

      asyncio.run(main(), loop_factory=asyncio.SelectorEventLoop)

    (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`127949`.)

* :mod:`builtins`:
  Passing a complex number as the *real* or *imag* argument in the
  :func:`complex` constructor is now deprecated; it should only be passed
  as a single positional argument.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`109218`.)

* :mod:`codecs`:
  :func:`codecs.open` is now deprecated. Use :func:`open` instead.
  (Contributed by Inada Naoki in :gh:`133036`.)

* :mod:`ctypes`:

  * On non-Windows platforms, setting :attr:`.Structure._pack_` to use a
    MSVC-compatible default memory layout is deprecated in favor of setting
    :attr:`.Structure._layout_` to ``'ms'``.
    (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in :gh:`131747`.)

  * Calling :func:`ctypes.POINTER` on a string is deprecated.
    Use :ref:`ctypes-incomplete-types` for self-referential structures.
    Also, the internal ``ctypes._pointer_type_cache`` is deprecated.
    See :func:`ctypes.POINTER` for updated implementation details.
    (Contributed by Sergey Myrianov in :gh:`100926`.)

* :mod:`functools`:
  Calling the Python implementation of :func:`functools.reduce` with *function*
  or *sequence* as keyword arguments is now deprecated.
  (Contributed by Kirill Podoprigora in :gh:`121676`.)

* :mod:`logging`:
  Support for custom logging handlers with the *strm* argument is deprecated
  and scheduled for removal in Python 3.16. Define handlers with the *stream*
  argument instead. (Contributed by Mariusz Felisiak in :gh:`115032`.)

* :mod:`mimetypes`:
  Valid extensions start with a '.' or are empty for
  :meth:`mimetypes.MimeTypes.add_type`.
  Undotted extensions are deprecated and will
  raise a :exc:`ValueError` in Python 3.16.
  (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`75223`.)

* :mod:`!nturl2path`: This module is now deprecated. Call
  :func:`urllib.request.url2pathname` and :func:`~urllib.request.pathname2url`
  instead.
  (Contributed by Barney Gale in :gh:`125866`.)

* :mod:`os`:
  :term:`Soft deprecate <soft deprecated>` :func:`os.popen` and
  :func:`os.spawn* <os.spawnl>` functions. They should no longer be used to
  write new code.  The :mod:`subprocess` module is recommended instead.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`120743`.)

* :mod:`pathlib`:
  :meth:`!pathlib.PurePath.as_uri` is deprecated and will be removed in Python
  3.19. Use :meth:`pathlib.Path.as_uri` instead.
  (Contributed by Barney Gale in :gh:`123599`.)

* :mod:`pdb`:
  The undocumented ``pdb.Pdb.curframe_locals`` attribute is now a deprecated
  read-only property. The low overhead dynamic frame locals access added in
  Python 3.13 by PEP 667 means the frame locals cache reference previously
  stored in this attribute is no longer needed. Derived debuggers should access
  ``pdb.Pdb.curframe.f_locals`` directly in Python 3.13 and later versions.
  (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`124369` and :gh:`125951`.)

* :mod:`symtable`:
  Deprecate :meth:`symtable.Class.get_methods` due to the lack of interest.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`119698`.)

* :mod:`tkinter`:
  The :class:`!tkinter.Variable` methods :meth:`!trace_variable`,
  :meth:`!trace_vdelete` and :meth:`!trace_vinfo` are now deprecated.
  Use :meth:`!trace_add`, :meth:`!trace_remove` and :meth:`!trace_info`
  instead.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`120220`.)

* :mod:`urllib.parse`:
  Accepting objects with false values (like ``0`` and ``[]``) except empty
  strings, byte-like objects and ``None`` in :mod:`urllib.parse` functions
  :func:`~urllib.parse.parse_qsl` and :func:`~urllib.parse.parse_qs` is now
  deprecated.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`116897`.)

.. Add deprecations above alphabetically, not here at the end.

.. include:: ../deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.15.rst

.. include:: ../deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.16.rst

.. include:: ../deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.17.rst

.. include:: ../deprecations/pending-removal-in-3.19.rst

.. include:: ../deprecations/pending-removal-in-future.rst

Removed
=======

argparse
--------

* Remove the *type*, *choices*, and *metavar* parameters
  of :class:`!argparse.BooleanOptionalAction`.
  They were deprecated since 3.12.

* Calling :meth:`~argparse.ArgumentParser.add_argument_group` on an argument
  group, and calling :meth:`~argparse.ArgumentParser.add_argument_group` or
  :meth:`~argparse.ArgumentParser.add_mutually_exclusive_group` on a mutually
  exclusive group now raise exceptions. This nesting was never supported,
  often failed to work correctly, and was unintentionally exposed through
  inheritance. This functionality has been deprecated since Python 3.11.
  (Contributed by Savannah Ostrowski in :gh:`127186`.)

ast
---

* Remove the following classes. They were all deprecated since Python 3.8,
  and have emitted deprecation warnings since Python 3.12:

  * :class:`!ast.Bytes`
  * :class:`!ast.Ellipsis`
  * :class:`!ast.NameConstant`
  * :class:`!ast.Num`
  * :class:`!ast.Str`

  Use :class:`ast.Constant` instead. As a consequence of these removals,
  user-defined ``visit_Num``, ``visit_Str``, ``visit_Bytes``,
  ``visit_NameConstant`` and ``visit_Ellipsis`` methods on custom
  :class:`ast.NodeVisitor` subclasses will no longer be called when the
  :class:`!NodeVisitor` subclass is visiting an AST. Define a ``visit_Constant``
  method instead.

  Also, remove the following deprecated properties on :class:`ast.Constant`,
  which were present for compatibility with the now-removed AST classes:

  * :attr:`!ast.Constant.n`
  * :attr:`!ast.Constant.s`

  Use :attr:`!ast.Constant.value` instead.
  (Contributed by Alex Waygood in :gh:`119562`.)

asyncio
-------

* Remove the following classes and functions. They were all deprecated and
  emitted deprecation warnings since Python 3.12:

  * :func:`!asyncio.get_child_watcher`
  * :func:`!asyncio.set_child_watcher`
  * :meth:`!asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.get_child_watcher`
  * :meth:`!asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy.set_child_watcher`
  * :class:`!asyncio.AbstractChildWatcher`
  * :class:`!asyncio.FastChildWatcher`
  * :class:`!asyncio.MultiLoopChildWatcher`
  * :class:`!asyncio.PidfdChildWatcher`
  * :class:`!asyncio.SafeChildWatcher`
  * :class:`!asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher`

  (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`120804`.)

* Removed implicit creation of event loop by :func:`asyncio.get_event_loop`.
  It now raises a :exc:`RuntimeError` if there is no current event loop.
  (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`126353`.)

  There's a few patterns that use :func:`asyncio.get_event_loop`, most
  of them can be replaced with :func:`asyncio.run`.

  If you're running an async function, simply use :func:`asyncio.run`.

  Before::

    async def main():
        ...


    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    try:
        loop.run_until_complete(main())
    finally:
        loop.close()

  After::

    async def main():
        ...

    asyncio.run(main())

  If you need to start something, for example, a server listening on a socket
  and then run forever, use :func:`asyncio.run` and an
  :class:`asyncio.Event`.

  Before::

    def start_server(loop):
        ...

    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    try:
        start_server(loop)
        loop.run_forever()
    finally:
        loop.close()

  After::

    def start_server(loop):
        ...

    async def main():
        start_server(asyncio.get_running_loop())
        await asyncio.Event().wait()

    asyncio.run(main())

  If you need to run something in an event loop, then run some blocking
  code around it, use :class:`asyncio.Runner`.

  Before::

    async def operation_one():
        ...

    def blocking_code():
        ...

    async def operation_two():
        ...

    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    try:
        loop.run_until_complete(operation_one())
        blocking_code()
        loop.run_until_complete(operation_two())
    finally:
        loop.close()

  After::

    async def operation_one():
        ...

    def blocking_code():
        ...

    async def operation_two():
        ...

    with asyncio.Runner() as runner:
        runner.run(operation_one())
        blocking_code()
        runner.run(operation_two())



collections.abc
---------------

* Remove :class:`!collections.abc.ByteString`. It had previously raised a
  :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.12.

email
-----

* Remove the *isdst* parameter from :func:`email.utils.localtime`.
  (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`118798`.)

importlib
---------

* Remove deprecated :mod:`importlib.abc` classes:

  * :class:`!importlib.abc.ResourceReader`
  * :class:`!importlib.abc.Traversable`
  * :class:`!importlib.abc.TraversableResources`

  Use :mod:`importlib.resources.abc` classes instead:

  * :class:`importlib.resources.abc.Traversable`
  * :class:`importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources`

  (Contributed by Jason R. Coombs and Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`93963`.)

itertools
---------

* Remove :mod:`itertools` support for copy, deepcopy, and pickle operations.
  These had previously raised a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.12.
  (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :gh:`101588`.)

pathlib
-------

* Remove support for passing additional keyword arguments to
  :class:`pathlib.Path`. In previous versions, any such arguments are ignored.
* Remove support for passing additional positional arguments to
  :meth:`pathlib.PurePath.relative_to` and
  :meth:`~pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to`. In previous versions, any such
  arguments are joined onto *other*.

pkgutil
-------

* Remove deprecated :func:`!pkgutil.get_loader` and :func:`!pkgutil.find_loader`.
  These had previously raised a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.12.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`97850`.)

pty
---

* Remove deprecated :func:`!pty.master_open` and :func:`!pty.slave_open`.
  They had previously raised a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.12.
  Use :func:`pty.openpty` instead.
  (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in :gh:`118824`.)

sqlite3
-------

* Remove :data:`!version` and :data:`!version_info` from :mod:`sqlite3`.
  (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in :gh:`118924`.)

* Disallow using a sequence of parameters with named placeholders.
  This had previously raised a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.12;
  it will now raise a :exc:`sqlite3.ProgrammingError`.
  (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in :gh:`118928` and :gh:`101693`.)

typing
------

* Remove :class:`!typing.ByteString`. It had previously raised a
  :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.12.

* :class:`typing.TypeAliasType` now supports star unpacking.

urllib
------

* Remove deprecated :class:`!Quoter` class from :mod:`urllib.parse`.
  It had previously raised a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.11.
  (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in :gh:`118827`.)
* Remove deprecated :class:`!URLopener` and :class:`!FancyURLopener` classes
  from :mod:`urllib.request`. They had previously raised a
  :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.3.

  ``myopener.open()`` can be replaced with :func:`~urllib.request.urlopen`,
  and ``myopener.retrieve()`` can be replaced with
  :func:`~urllib.request.urlretrieve`. Customizations to the opener
  classes can be replaced by passing customized handlers to
  :func:`~urllib.request.build_opener`.
  (Contributed by Barney Gale in :gh:`84850`.)

Others
------

* Using :data:`NotImplemented` in a boolean context will now raise a :exc:`TypeError`.
  It had previously raised a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.9. (Contributed
  by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`118767`.)

* The :func:`int` built-in no longer delegates to
  :meth:`~object.__trunc__`. Classes that want to support conversion to
  integer must implement either :meth:`~object.__int__` or
  :meth:`~object.__index__`. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson in :gh:`119743`.)


CPython bytecode changes
========================

* Replaced the opcode ``BINARY_SUBSCR`` by :opcode:`BINARY_OP` with oparg ``NB_SUBSCR``.
  (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`100239`.)

Porting to Python 3.14
======================

This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes
that may require changes to your code.

Changes in the Python API
-------------------------

* :class:`functools.partial` is now a method descriptor.
  Wrap it in :func:`staticmethod` if you want to preserve the old behavior.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Dominykas Grigonis in :gh:`121027`.)

* The :func:`locale.nl_langinfo` function now sets temporarily the ``LC_CTYPE``
  locale in some cases.
  This temporary change affects other threads.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`69998`.)

* :class:`types.UnionType` is now an alias for :class:`typing.Union`,
  causing changes in some behaviors.
  See :ref:`above <whatsnew314-typing-union>` for more details.
  (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`105499`.)

* The runtime behavior of annotations has changed in various ways; see
  :ref:`above <whatsnew314-pep649>` for details. While most code that interacts
  with annotations should continue to work, some undocumented details may behave
  differently.


Build changes
=============

* GNU Autoconf 2.72 is now required to generate :file:`configure`.
  (Contributed by Erlend Aasland in :gh:`115765`.)

* ``#pragma``-based linking with ``python3*.lib`` can now be switched off
  with :c:expr:`Py_NO_LINK_LIB`. (Contributed by Jean-Christophe
  Fillion-Robin in :gh:`82909`.)

.. _whatsnew314-pep761:

PEP 761: Discontinuation of PGP signatures
------------------------------------------

PGP signatures will not be available for CPython 3.14 and onwards.
Users verifying artifacts must use `Sigstore verification materials`_ for
verifying CPython artifacts. This change in release process is specified
in :pep:`761`.

.. _Sigstore verification materials: https://www.python.org/downloads/metadata/sigstore/


C API changes
=============

New features
------------

* Add :c:func:`PyLong_GetSign` function to get the sign of :class:`int` objects.
  (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`116560`.)

* Add a new :c:type:`PyUnicodeWriter` API to create a Python :class:`str`
  object:

  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_Create`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_DecodeUTF8Stateful`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_Discard`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_Finish`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_Format`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCII`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteRepr`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteUCS4`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteUTF8`
  * :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteWideChar`

  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`119182`.)

* Add :c:func:`PyIter_NextItem` to replace :c:func:`PyIter_Next`,
  which has an ambiguous return value.
  (Contributed by Irit Katriel and Erlend Aasland in :gh:`105201`.)

* Add :c:func:`PyLong_IsPositive`, :c:func:`PyLong_IsNegative`
  and :c:func:`PyLong_IsZero` for checking if :c:type:`PyLongObject`
  is positive, negative, or zero, respectively.
  (Contributed by James Roy and Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`126061`.)

* Add new functions to convert C ``<stdint.h>`` numbers from/to Python
  :class:`int`:

  * :c:func:`PyLong_AsInt32`
  * :c:func:`PyLong_AsInt64`
  * :c:func:`PyLong_AsUInt32`
  * :c:func:`PyLong_AsUInt64`
  * :c:func:`PyLong_FromInt32`
  * :c:func:`PyLong_FromInt64`
  * :c:func:`PyLong_FromUInt32`
  * :c:func:`PyLong_FromUInt64`

  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`120389`.)

* Add :c:func:`PyBytes_Join(sep, iterable) <PyBytes_Join>` function,
  similar to ``sep.join(iterable)`` in Python.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`121645`.)

* Add :c:func:`Py_HashBuffer` to compute and return the hash value of a buffer.
  (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou and Victor Stinner in :gh:`122854`.)

* Add functions to get and set the current runtime Python configuration
  (:pep:`741`):

  * :c:func:`PyConfig_Get`
  * :c:func:`PyConfig_GetInt`
  * :c:func:`PyConfig_Set`
  * :c:func:`PyConfig_Names`

  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`107954`.)

* Add functions to configure the Python initialization (:pep:`741`):

  * :c:func:`Py_InitializeFromInitConfig`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_AddModule`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_Create`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_Free`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_FreeStrList`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_GetError`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_GetExitCode`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_GetInt`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_GetStr`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_GetStrList`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_HasOption`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_SetInt`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_SetStr`
  * :c:func:`PyInitConfig_SetStrList`

  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`107954`.)

* Add a new import and export API for Python :class:`int` objects (:pep:`757`):

  * :c:func:`PyLong_GetNativeLayout`
  * :c:func:`PyLong_Export`
  * :c:func:`PyLong_FreeExport`
  * :c:func:`PyLongWriter_Create`
  * :c:func:`PyLongWriter_Finish`
  * :c:func:`PyLongWriter_Discard`

  (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev and Victor Stinner in :gh:`102471`.)

* Add :c:func:`PyType_GetBaseByToken` and :c:data:`Py_tp_token` slot for easier
  superclass identification, which attempts to resolve the `type checking issue
  <https://peps.python.org/pep-0630/#type-checking>`__ mentioned in :pep:`630`.
  (Contributed in :gh:`124153`.)

* Add :c:func:`PyUnicode_Equal` function to the limited C API:
  test if two strings are equal.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`124502`.)

* Add :c:func:`PyType_Freeze` function to make a type immutable.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`121654`.)

* Add :c:func:`PyUnstable_Object_EnableDeferredRefcount` for enabling
  deferred reference counting, as outlined in :pep:`703`.

* Add :c:func:`PyMonitoring_FireBranchLeftEvent` and
  :c:func:`PyMonitoring_FireBranchRightEvent` for generating
  :monitoring-event:`BRANCH_LEFT` and :monitoring-event:`BRANCH_RIGHT`
  events, respectively.

* Add :c:func:`Py_fopen` function to open a file. Similar to the
  :c:func:`!fopen` function, but the *path* parameter is a Python object and an
  exception is set on error. Add also :c:func:`Py_fclose` function to close a
  file.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`127350`.)

* Add support of nullable arguments in :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple` and
  similar functions.
  Adding ``?`` after any format unit makes ``None`` be accepted as a value.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`112068`.)

* The ``k`` and ``K`` formats in :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple` and
  similar functions now use :meth:`~object.__index__` if available,
  like all other integer formats.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`112068`.)

* Add macros :c:func:`Py_PACK_VERSION` and :c:func:`Py_PACK_FULL_VERSION` for
  bit-packing Python version numbers.
  (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in :gh:`128629`.)

* Add :c:func:`PyUnstable_IsImmortal` for determining whether an object is :term:`immortal`,
  for debugging purposes.

* Add :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModuleAttr` and
  :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModuleAttrString` helper functions to import a module
  and get an attribute of the module.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`128911`.)

* Add support for a new ``p`` format unit in :c:func:`Py_BuildValue` that allows to
  take a C integer and produce a Python :class:`bool` object. (Contributed by
  Pablo Galindo in :issue:`45325`.)

* Add :c:func:`PyUnstable_Object_IsUniqueReferencedTemporary` to determine if an object
  is a unique temporary object on the interpreter's operand stack. This can
  be used in some cases as a replacement for checking if :c:func:`Py_REFCNT`
  is ``1`` for Python objects passed as arguments to C API functions.

* Add :c:func:`PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced` as a replacement for
  ``Py_REFCNT(op) == 1`` on :term:`free threaded <free threading>` builds.
  (Contributed by Peter Bierma in :gh:`133140`.)


Limited C API changes
---------------------

* In the limited C API 3.14 and newer, :c:func:`Py_TYPE` and
  :c:func:`Py_REFCNT` are now implemented as an opaque function call to hide
  implementation details.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`120600` and :gh:`124127`.)

* Remove the :c:macro:`PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE`,
  :c:macro:`PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM` and :c:macro:`PySequence_Fast_ITEMS`
  macros from the limited C API, since these macros never worked in the limited
  C API. Keep :c:func:`PySequence_Fast` in the limited C API.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`91417`.)


Porting to Python 3.14
----------------------

* :c:func:`Py_Finalize` now deletes all interned strings. This
  is backwards incompatible to any C-Extension that holds onto an interned
  string after a call to :c:func:`Py_Finalize` and is then reused after a
  call to :c:func:`Py_Initialize`.  Any issues arising from this behavior will
  normally result in crashes during the execution of the subsequent call to
  :c:func:`Py_Initialize` from accessing uninitialized memory. To fix, use
  an address sanitizer to identify any use-after-free coming from
  an interned string and deallocate it during module shutdown.
  (Contributed by Eddie Elizondo in :gh:`113601`.)

* The :ref:`Unicode Exception Objects <unicodeexceptions>` C API
  now raises a :exc:`TypeError` if its exception argument is not
  a :exc:`UnicodeError` object.
  (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`127691`.)

.. _whatsnew314-refcount:

* The interpreter internally avoids some reference count modifications when
  loading objects onto the operands stack by :term:`borrowing <borrowed reference>`
  references when possible. This can lead to smaller reference count values
  compared to previous Python versions. C API extensions that checked
  :c:func:`Py_REFCNT` of ``1`` to determine if an function argument is not
  referenced by any other code should instead use
  :c:func:`PyUnstable_Object_IsUniqueReferencedTemporary` as a safer replacement.


* Private functions promoted to public C APIs:

  * ``_PyBytes_Join()``: :c:func:`PyBytes_Join`
  * ``_PyLong_IsNegative()``: :c:func:`PyLong_IsNegative`
  * ``_PyLong_IsPositive()``: :c:func:`PyLong_IsPositive`
  * ``_PyLong_IsZero()``: :c:func:`PyLong_IsZero`
  * ``_PyLong_Sign()``: :c:func:`PyLong_GetSign`
  * ``_PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc()``: :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_Discard`
  * ``_PyUnicodeWriter_Finish()``: :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_Finish`
  * ``_PyUnicodeWriter_Init()``: use :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_Create`
  * ``_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare()``: (no replacement)
  * ``_PyUnicodeWriter_PrepareKind()``: (no replacement)
  * ``_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar()``: :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar`
  * ``_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr()``: :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr`
  * ``_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring()``: :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring`
  * ``_PyUnicode_EQ()``: :c:func:`PyUnicode_Equal`
  * ``_PyUnicode_Equal()``: :c:func:`PyUnicode_Equal`
  * ``_Py_GetConfig()``: :c:func:`PyConfig_Get` and :c:func:`PyConfig_GetInt`
  * ``_Py_HashBytes()``: :c:func:`Py_HashBuffer`
  * ``_Py_fopen_obj()``: :c:func:`Py_fopen`

  The `pythoncapi-compat project`_ can be used to get most of these new
  functions on Python 3.13 and older.

.. _pythoncapi-compat project: https://github.com/python/pythoncapi-compat/


.. _whatsnew314-c-api-deprecated:

Deprecated
----------

* The :c:macro:`!Py_HUGE_VAL` macro is :term:`soft deprecated`,
  use :c:macro:`!Py_INFINITY` instead.
  (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`120026`.)

* Macros :c:macro:`!Py_IS_NAN`, :c:macro:`!Py_IS_INFINITY`
  and :c:macro:`!Py_IS_FINITE` are :term:`soft deprecated`,
  use instead :c:macro:`!isnan`, :c:macro:`!isinf` and
  :c:macro:`!isfinite` available from :file:`math.h`
  since C99.  (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`119613`.)

* Non-tuple sequences are deprecated as argument for the ``(items)``
  format unit in :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple` and other
  :ref:`argument parsing <arg-parsing>` functions if *items* contains
  format units which store a :ref:`borrowed buffer <c-arg-borrowed-buffer>`
  or a :term:`borrowed reference`.
  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`50333`.)

* The previously undocumented function :c:func:`PySequence_In` is :term:`soft deprecated`.
  Use :c:func:`PySequence_Contains` instead.
  (Contributed by Yuki Kobayashi in :gh:`127896`.)

.. Add C API deprecations above alphabetically, not here at the end.

* The ``PyMonitoring_FireBranchEvent`` function is deprecated and should
  be replaced with calls to :c:func:`PyMonitoring_FireBranchLeftEvent`
  and :c:func:`PyMonitoring_FireBranchRightEvent`.

* The following private functions are deprecated and planned for removal in
  Python 3.18:

  * :c:func:`!_PyBytes_Join`: use :c:func:`PyBytes_Join`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyDict_GetItemStringWithError`: use :c:func:`PyDict_GetItemStringRef`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyDict_Pop()`: use :c:func:`PyDict_Pop`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyLong_Sign()`: use :c:func:`PyLong_GetSign`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyLong_FromDigits` and :c:func:`!_PyLong_New`:
    use :c:func:`PyLongWriter_Create`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyThreadState_UncheckedGet`: use :c:func:`PyThreadState_GetUnchecked`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyUnicode_AsString`: use :c:func:`PyUnicode_AsUTF8`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyUnicodeWriter_Init`:
    replace ``_PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer)`` with
    :c:func:`writer = PyUnicodeWriter_Create(0) <PyUnicodeWriter_Create>`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyUnicodeWriter_Finish`:
    replace ``_PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer)`` with
    :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(writer) <PyUnicodeWriter_Finish>`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc`:
    replace ``_PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer)`` with
    :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_Discard(writer) <PyUnicodeWriter_Discard>`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar`:
    replace ``_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar(&writer, ch)`` with
    :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar(writer, ch) <PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar>`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr`:
    replace ``_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(&writer, str)`` with
    :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, str) <PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr>`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring`:
    replace ``_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring(&writer, str, start, end)`` with
    :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring(writer, str, start, end) <PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring>`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString`:
    replace ``_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString(&writer, str)`` with
    :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCII(writer, str) <PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCII>`.
  * :c:func:`!_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteLatin1String`:
    replace ``_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteLatin1String(&writer, str)`` with
    :c:func:`PyUnicodeWriter_WriteUTF8(writer, str) <PyUnicodeWriter_WriteUTF8>`.
  * :c:func:`!_Py_HashPointer`: use :c:func:`Py_HashPointer`.
  * :c:func:`!_Py_fopen_obj`: use :c:func:`Py_fopen`.

  The `pythoncapi-compat project`_ can be used to get these new public
  functions on Python 3.13 and older.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`128863`.)

.. include:: ../deprecations/c-api-pending-removal-in-3.15.rst

.. include:: ../deprecations/c-api-pending-removal-in-3.18.rst

.. include:: ../deprecations/c-api-pending-removal-in-future.rst


.. _whatsnew314-c-api-removed:

Removed
-------

* Creating :c:data:`immutable types <Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE>` with mutable
  bases was deprecated since 3.12 and now raises a :exc:`TypeError`.

* Remove ``PyDictObject.ma_version_tag`` member which was deprecated since
  Python 3.12. Use the :c:func:`PyDict_AddWatcher` API instead.
  (Contributed by Sam Gross in :gh:`124296`.)

* Remove the private ``_Py_InitializeMain()`` function. It was a
  :term:`provisional API` added to Python 3.8 by :pep:`587`.
  (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :gh:`129033`.)

* The undocumented APIs :c:macro:`!Py_C_RECURSION_LIMIT` and
  :c:member:`!PyThreadState.c_recursion_remaining`, added in 3.13, are removed
  without a deprecation period.
  Please use :c:func:`Py_EnterRecursiveCall` to guard against runaway recursion
  in C code.
  (Removed in :gh:`133079`, see also :gh:`130396`.)
