.. highlight:: c

.. index:: object; code, code object

.. _codeobjects:

Code Objects
------------

.. sectionauthor:: Jeffrey Yasskin <jyasskin@gmail.com>

Code objects are a low-level detail of the CPython implementation.
Each one represents a chunk of executable code that hasn't yet been
bound into a function.

.. c:type:: PyCodeObject

   The C structure of the objects used to describe code objects.  The
   fields of this type are subject to change at any time.


.. c:var:: PyTypeObject PyCode_Type

   This is an instance of :c:type:`PyTypeObject` representing the Python
   :class:`code` type.


.. c:function:: int PyCode_Check(PyObject *co)

   Return true if *co* is a :class:`code` object.  This function always succeeds.

.. c:function:: int PyCode_GetNumFree(PyCodeObject *co)

   Return the number of free variables in *co*.

.. c:function:: PyCodeObject* PyCode_New(int argcount, int kwonlyargcount, int nlocals, int stacksize, int flags, PyObject *code, PyObject *consts, PyObject *names, PyObject *varnames, PyObject *freevars, PyObject *cellvars, PyObject *filename, PyObject *name, int firstlineno, PyObject *linetable, PyObject *exceptiontable)

   Return a new code object.  If you need a dummy code object to create a frame,
   use :c:func:`PyCode_NewEmpty` instead.  Calling :c:func:`PyCode_New` directly
   will bind you to a precise Python version since the definition of the bytecode
   changes often. The many arguments of this function are inter-dependent in complex
   ways, meaning that subtle changes to values are likely to result in incorrect
   execution or VM crashes. Use this function only with extreme care.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.11
      Added ``exceptiontable`` parameter.

.. c:function:: PyCodeObject* PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs(int argcount, int posonlyargcount, int kwonlyargcount, int nlocals, int stacksize, int flags, PyObject *code, PyObject *consts, PyObject *names, PyObject *varnames, PyObject *freevars, PyObject *cellvars, PyObject *filename, PyObject *name, int firstlineno, PyObject *linetable, PyObject *exceptiontable)

   Similar to :c:func:`PyCode_New`, but with an extra "posonlyargcount" for positional-only arguments.
   The same caveats that apply to ``PyCode_New`` also apply to this function.

   .. versionadded:: 3.8

   .. versionchanged:: 3.11
      Added ``exceptiontable`` parameter.

.. c:function:: PyCodeObject* PyCode_NewEmpty(const char *filename, const char *funcname, int firstlineno)

   Return a new empty code object with the specified filename,
   function name, and first line number. The resulting code
   object will raise an ``Exception`` if executed.

.. c:function:: int PyCode_Addr2Line(PyCodeObject *co, int byte_offset)

    Return the line number of the instruction that occurs on or before ``byte_offset`` and ends after it.
    If you just need the line number of a frame, use :c:func:`PyFrame_GetLineNumber` instead.

    For efficiently iterating over the line numbers in a code object, use `the API described in PEP 626
    <https://peps.python.org/pep-0626/#out-of-process-debuggers-and-profilers>`_.

.. c:function:: int PyCode_Addr2Location(PyObject *co, int byte_offset, int *start_line, int *start_column, int *end_line, int *end_column)

   Sets the passed ``int`` pointers to the source code line and column numbers
   for the instruction at ``byte_offset``. Sets the value to ``0`` when
   information is not available for any particular element.

   Returns ``1`` if the function succeeds and 0 otherwise.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyCode_GetCode(PyCodeObject *co)

   Equivalent to the Python code ``getattr(co, 'co_code')``.
   Returns a strong reference to a :c:type:`PyBytesObject` representing the
   bytecode in a code object. On error, ``NULL`` is returned and an exception
   is raised.

   This ``PyBytesObject`` may be created on-demand by the interpreter and does
   not necessarily represent the bytecode actually executed by CPython. The
   primary use case for this function is debuggers and profilers.

   .. versionadded:: 3.11

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyCode_GetVarnames(PyCodeObject *co)

   Equivalent to the Python code ``getattr(co, 'co_varnames')``.
   Returns a new reference to a :c:type:`PyTupleObject` containing the names of
   the local variables. On error, ``NULL`` is returned and an exception
   is raised.

   .. versionadded:: 3.11

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyCode_GetCellvars(PyCodeObject *co)

   Equivalent to the Python code ``getattr(co, 'co_cellvars')``.
   Returns a new reference to a :c:type:`PyTupleObject` containing the names of
   the local variables that are referenced by nested functions. On error, ``NULL``
   is returned and an exception is raised.

   .. versionadded:: 3.11

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyCode_GetFreevars(PyCodeObject *co)

   Equivalent to the Python code ``getattr(co, 'co_freevars')``.
   Returns a new reference to a :c:type:`PyTupleObject` containing the names of
   the free variables. On error, ``NULL`` is returned and an exception is raised.

   .. versionadded:: 3.11

.. c:function:: int PyCode_AddWatcher(PyCode_WatchCallback callback)

   Register *callback* as a code object watcher for the current interpreter.
   Return an ID which may be passed to :c:func:`PyCode_ClearWatcher`.
   In case of error (e.g. no more watcher IDs available),
   return ``-1`` and set an exception.

   .. versionadded:: 3.12

.. c:function:: int PyCode_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)

   Clear watcher identified by *watcher_id* previously returned from
   :c:func:`PyCode_AddWatcher` for the current interpreter.
   Return ``0`` on success, or ``-1`` and set an exception on error
   (e.g. if the given *watcher_id* was never registered.)

   .. versionadded:: 3.12

.. c:type:: PyCodeEvent

   Enumeration of possible code object watcher events:
   - ``PY_CODE_EVENT_CREATE``
   - ``PY_CODE_EVENT_DESTROY``

   .. versionadded:: 3.12

.. c:type:: int (*PyCode_WatchCallback)(PyCodeEvent event, PyCodeObject* co)

   Type of a code object watcher callback function.

   If *event* is ``PY_CODE_EVENT_CREATE``, then the callback is invoked
   after `co` has been fully initialized. Otherwise, the callback is invoked
   before the destruction of *co* takes place, so the prior state of *co*
   can be inspected.

   Users of this API should not rely on internal runtime implementation
   details. Such details may include, but are not limited to, the exact
   order and timing of creation and destruction of code objects. While
   changes in these details may result in differences observable by watchers
   (including whether a callback is invoked or not), it does not change
   the semantics of the Python code being executed.

   If the callback returns with an exception set, it must return ``-1``; this
   exception will be printed as an unraisable exception using
   :c:func:`PyErr_WriteUnraisable`. Otherwise it should return ``0``.

   .. versionadded:: 3.12
